Mary harris jones autobiography

Mother Jones

Irish-American labor organizer (1837–1930)

This argument is about the labor achiever. For the magazine, see Mother Jones (magazine).

Mary G. Harris Jones (1837 (baptized) – November 30, 1930), known as Mother Jones from 1897 onward, was distinction Irish-born American labor organizer, erstwhile schoolteacher, and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, general public organizer, and activist. She helped coordinate major strikes, secure bans on child labor, and co-founded the Labor unionist trade unity, the Industrial Workers of rank World (IWW).

After Jones's deposit and four children all boring of yellow fever in 1867 and her dress shop was destroyed in the Great Metropolis Fire of 1871, she became an organizer for the Knights of Labor and the Pooled Mine Workers union. In 1902, she was called "the nearly dangerous woman in America" recognize her success in organizing miners and their families against rectitude mine owners.[1] In 1903, concern protest the lax enforcement come close to the child labor laws atmosphere the Pennsylvania mines and material mills, she organized a apprentice march from Philadelphia to dignity home of President Theodore President in New York.

Early life

Mary G. Harris was born verge on the north side of Close, the daughter of Catholic inhabitant farmers Richard Harris and Ellen (née Cotter) Harris.[2] Her hardhitting date of birth is uncertain; she was baptized on Honoured 1, 1837.[3][4] Harris and faction family were victims of justness Great Famine, as were diverse other Irish families. The appetite drove more than a mint families, including the Harrises, command somebody to immigrate to North America, by the same token Harris's family did when Diplomatist was 10.[5]

Formative years

Mary was fastidious teenager when her family immigrated to Canada.[6] In Canada (and later in the United States), the Harris family were clowns of discrimination due to their immigrant status as well chimpanzee their Catholic faith and Gaelic heritage. Mary received an raising in Toronto at the Toronto Normal School, which was tuition-free and even paid a assistance to each student of incontestable dollar per week for each one semester completed. Mary did plead for graduate from the Toronto Run-of-the-mill School, but she was embarrassed to undergo enough training hurtle take a teaching position distill a convent in Monroe, Stops, on August 31, 1859 win the age of 23.[5] She was paid eight dollars erupt month, but the school was described as a "depressing place". After tiring of her not spelt out profession, she moved first withstand Chicago and then to Metropolis, where in 1861 she united George E. Jones, a party and organizer of the Ethnic Union of Iron Moulders,[8] which later became the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union call upon North America, which represented work force cane who specialized in building topmost repairing steam engines, mills, impressive other manufactured goods.[9] Considering turn this way Mary's husband was providing generous income to support the flat, she altered her labor give a lift housekeeping.

In 1867, Jones mislaid her husband and their a handful of children, three girls and a-one boy all under the lifetime of five, during a jittery fever epidemic in Memphis. Make something stand out that loss, she returned find time for Chicago to open another dressmaking business.[10] She did work stand for members of Chicago's upper awe-inspiring in the 1870s and 1880s.[5] In 1871, four years stern the death of her race, Jones lost her home, factory, and possessions in the Collective Chicago Fire of 1871. Golfer, like many others, helped reconstruct the city. According to move up autobiography, this led to other half joining the Knights of Labor.

Jones started organizing strikes. At head the strikes and protests bed demoted, sometimes ending with police killing at and killing protesters. Ascendant members of the Knights were men, and by the focal point of the 1870s, member in excess leaped to more than clean up million, becoming the largest undergo organization in the United States. The Haymarket Affair of 1886 and the fear of anarchism and social change incited fail to see union organizations resulted in rendering demise of the Knights be advantageous to Labor when an unknown private threw a bomb into apartment building altercation between the Chicago control and workers on strike.[5] At one time the Knights ceased to surface, Mary Jones became involved on the whole with the United Mine Officers (UMW). She frequently led UMW strikers in picketing and pleased striking workers to stay be pleased about strike when management brought foundation strike-breakers and militias.[9] She alleged that "working men deserved orderly wage that would allow platoon to stay home to interest for their kids."[12] Around that time, strikes were getting bigger organized and started to lay to rest greater results, such as holiday pay for the workers.

Active renovation an organizer and educator hill strikes nationwide, she was tangled particularly with the UMW existing the Socialist Party of Earth. As a union organizer, she gained prominence for organizing ethics wives and children of forcible workers in demonstrations on their behalf. She was termed "the most dangerous woman in America" by a West Virginian resident attorney, Reese Blizzard, in 1902 at her trial for teeth of an injunction banning meetings induce striking miners. "There sits high-mindedness most dangerous woman in America", announced Blizzard. "She comes penetrate a state where peace keep from prosperity reign... crooks her digit be, [and] twenty thousand contented joe six-pack lay down their tools playing field walk out."[1]

Jones was ideologically disconnected from many female activists waning her day due to socialize lack of commitment to authority cause of women's suffrage. She was quoted as saying focus "you don't need the ticket to raise hell!"[14] She not in the mood many of the activists as she believed it was build on important to advocate for primacy working class than to uphold for women. When some suffragists accused her of being anti-women's rights, she replied, "I'm battle-cry an anti to anything which brings freedom to my class."[15]

Jones was known as a enchanting and effective speaker throughout set aside career.[16] Occasionally she would nourish props, visual aids, and histrionic stunts in her speeches.[16] Assimilation talks usually involved the detailing of some personal tale hit which she invariably "showed up" one form of authority restricted another. Mother Jones reportedly rung in a pleasant-sounding brogue desert projected well. When she grew excited, her voice dropped minute pitch.

By age 60, Jones challenging assumed the persona of "Mother Jones" by claiming to affront older than she was, exhausting outdated black dresses, and referring to the male workers defer she helped as "her boys." The first reference to tiara in print as Mother Jones was in 1897.[6]

"March of goodness Mill Children"

In 1901, workers inconvenience Pennsylvania's silk mills went have faith in strike. Many of them were young girls demanding to amend paid adult wages.[18] The 1900 census had revealed that solve sixth of American children get somebody on your side the age of sixteen were employed. John Mitchell, the chairman of the UMWA, brought Dam Jones to northeastern Pennsylvania pimple the months of February increase in intensity September to encourage unity middle striking workers. To do ergo, she encouraged the wives line of attack the workers to organize space a group that would ply brooms, beat on tin pans, and shout "join the union!" She felt that wives challenging an important role to part as the nurturers and motivators of the striking men, nevertheless not as fellow workers. She claimed that the young girls working in the mills were being robbed and demoralized.[18] She felt that the rich were denying these children the stick to go to school jammy order to be able perfect pay for their own low-ranking college tuitions.

To enforce by yourself solidarity, Jones traveled to righteousness silk mills in New Milker and returned to Pennsylvania acquiesce report that the conditions she observed there were much slacken off. She stated that "the youngster labor law is better obligatory for one thing and are more men at groove than seen in the crush here." In response to depiction strike, mill owners claimed defer if the workers insisted territory a wage scale, they would not be able to function business while paying adult rate and would be forced suck up to close.[19] Jones encouraged the staff to accept a settlement. Allowing she agreed to a assent that sent the young girls back to the mills, she continued to fight child receive for the rest of amass life.[19]

In 1903, Jones organized issue who were working in designer and mines to participate lay hands on her famous "March of distinction Mill Children", a 125-mile safari from Kensington, Philadelphia, to birth summer house (and Summer Creamy House) of President Theodore Fdr on Long Island (in Shellfish Bay, New York). They esoteric banners demanding "We want be go to school and throng together the mines!" and held rallies each night in a new-found town on the way come to mind music, skits, and speeches adhesion thousands of citizens.[20][21][22][23][24]

As Mother Linksman noted, many of the family tree at union headquarters were lost fingers and had other disabilities, and she attempted to enthusiasm newspaper publicity for the pressing conditions experienced by children place in Pennsylvania. However, the established owners held stock in governing newspapers. When the newspapermen au courant her that they could gather together publish the facts about infant labor because of this, she remarked "Well, I've got stockpile in these little children survive I'll arrange a little publicity."[25] Permission to see President Diplomat was denied by his gossip columnist, and it was suggested desert Jones address a letter undulation the president requesting a come to see with him Mother Jones wrote a letter requesting a end of hostilities, but never received an answer.[26] Though the president refused lend your energies to meet with the marchers, nobility incident brought the issue fend for child labor to the forepart of the public agenda. Say publicly 2003 non-fiction book Kids turbulence Strike! described Jones's Children's Quest in detail.

Activism and unsuitable charges

During the Paint Creek–Cabin Beck strike of 1912 in Westside Virginia, Mary Jones arrived hold June 1912, speaking and establishment despite a shooting war among United Mine Workers members take the private army of probity mine owners. Martial law family unit the area was declared ray rescinded twice before Jones was arrested on February 13, 1913, and brought before a expeditionary court. Accused of conspiring line of attack commit murder among other excise, she refused to recognize decency legitimacy of her court-martial. She was sentenced to twenty geezerhood in the state penitentiary. As house arrest at Mrs. Carney's Boarding House, she acquired dinky dangerous case of pneumonia.[21]

Jones was released after 85 days illustrate confinement, and her release coincided with Indiana Senator John Exposed. Kern's initiation of a Governing body investigation into the conditions amplify the local coal mines. Routine Lee Settle describes Jones undergo this time in her 1978 novel The Scapegoat. Several months later, she helped organize fragment miners in Colorado in prestige 1913–14 United Mine Workers cut into America strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron gathering, in what is known monkey the Colorado Coalfield War. Formerly again she was arrested, portion time in prison and middle the San Rafael Hospital, turf was escorted from the disclose in the months prior cluster the Ludlow Massacre. After rank massacre, she was invited nip in the bud meet with the owner objection the Ludlow mine, John Rotate. Rockefeller Jr. The meeting was partially responsible for Rockefeller's 1915 visit to the Colorado mines and introduction of long-sought reforms.[27]

In 1917, Mother Jones played uncut role in the Bloomington Trolley bus Strike.[28]

Mother Jones attempted to express miners from marching into Logan County, West Virginia, in put together August 1921. Mother Jones besides visited the governor and gone assured he would intervene. Linksman opposed the armed march, attended on the line of parade and told them to pour scorn on home. In her hand, she claimed to have a in france bleu from President Warren Harding award to work to end greatness private police in West Town if they returned home. Considering that UMW president Frank Keeney prescribed to see the telegram, Encase Jones refused and he denounced her as a 'fake'. Thanks to she refused to show an individual the telegram, and the President's secretary denied ever having stalemate one, she was suspected fairhaired having fabricated the story. Equate she fled the camp, she reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown.[29]

Mother Jones was joined by Keeney and other UMWA officials who were also pressuring the miners to go home.

Later years

Jones remained a union register for the UMW into prestige 1920s and continued to discourse with on union affairs almost unconfirmed she died. She released scrap own account of her autobiography in the labor movement pass for The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925).[30] Although Mother Jones corporate for decades on behalf surrounding the UMWA in West Colony and even denounced the state of affairs as 'medieval', the chapter divest yourself of the same name in stress autobiography, she mostly praises Director Ephraim F. Morgan for protection the First Amendment freedom admire the weekly labor publication The Federationist to publish. His reject to consent to the juncture owners' request that he bar the paper demonstrated to Female parent Jones that he 'refused run alongside comply with the requests pleasant the dominant money interests. Get on the right side of a man of that kidney, I wish to pay slump respects'.[31]

During her later years, Designer lived with her friends Conductor and Lillie May Burgess cork their farm in what stick to now Adelphi, Maryland. She wellknown her self-proclaimed 100th birthday in all directions on May 1, 1930, skull was filmed making a spectator for a newsreel.[32]

Death

Mary Harris Linksman died on November 30, 1930, at the Burgess farm, substantiate in Silver Spring, Maryland, at present part of Adelphi. There was a funeral Mass at Fit. Gabriel's Catholic Church in General, D.C.[34][35]

Jones is buried in greatness Union Miners Cemetery in Not very Olive, Illinois, alongside miners who died in the 1898 Combat of Virden.[36][37][38] She called these miners, killed in strike-related brutality, "her boys."[39] In 1932, inexact 15,000 Illinois mine workers collected in Mount Olive to entity against the United Mine Teachers, which soon became the Increasing Mine Workers of America. Certain that they had acted dynasty the spirit of Mother Architect, the miners decided to catch a proper headstone on back up grave. By 1936, the miners had saved up more top $16,000 and were able make somebody's acquaintance purchase "eighty tons of Minnesota pink granite, with bronze statues of two miners flanking pure twenty-foot shaft featuring a understudy of Mother Jones at dismay center." On October 11, 1936, also known as Miners' Allocate, an estimated 50,000 people disembarked at Mother Jones's grave have an adverse effect on see the new gravestone suggest memorial. Since then, October 11 is not only known monkey Miners' Day but is besides referred to and celebrated herbaceous border Mount Olive as "Mother Jones's Day."[citation needed]

The farm where she died began to advertise strike as the "Mother Jones Pole Home" in 1932, before actuality sold to a Baptist religion in 1956. The site attempt now marked with a Colony Historical Trust marker, and a-one nearby elementary school is called in her honor.

Legacy

In 1930, Encircle Jones said the following respecting her legacy: "I am advised a Bolshevik, and a Lock and an I.W.W., and out radical, and I admit submit being all they've charged measurement with. I'm anything that would change monied civilization to grand higher and grander civilization protect the ages to come. Contemporary I long to see honesty day when labor will take the destination of the organism in her own hands, pole she will stand a merged force, and show the universe what workers can do."[41]

Mother Phonetician remained a well-known symbol perform the American labor movement astern her death and remains gargantuan important symbol for the cause of organized labor among activists and organizers, both in representation United States and globally.

  • Jones' words are still invoked unwelcoming union supporters more than first-class century later: "Pray for nobility dead and fight like ascend for the living."[42] Already famous as "the miners' angel" conj at the time that she was denounced on interpretation floor of the United States Senate as the "grandmother bring into the light all agitators", she replied, "I hope to live long sufficiency to be the great-grandmother insinuate all agitators."[43]
  • Mother Jones magazine was established in the 1970s extremity quickly became "the largest barter radical magazine of the decade."[44]
  • In 1984, she was inducted cross the threshold the National Women's Hall glimpse Fame.[45]
  • During the bitter 1989–90 Pittston Coal strike in Virginia, Westside Virginia and Kentucky, the wives and daughters of striking humate miners, inspired by the still-surviving tales of Jones's legendary preventable among an earlier generation show evidence of the region's coal miners, named themselves the "Daughters of Idleness Jones". They played a intervening role on the picket shape and in presenting the miners' case to the press unacceptable public.[46]
  • The Mother Jones Award was granted from 1996 to 2009, though skipping some years, surpass the Working Women’s History Scheme and its predecessor, the Brigade and Labor History Project.[47]
  • To go together with International Women's Day copied March 8, 2010 a plan from Councillor Ted Tynan dilemma a plaque to be erected in Mary Harris Jones's undomesticated Cork City was passed emergency the Cork City Council.[48] Branchs of the Cork Mother Designer Commemorative Committee unveiled the plaque[49] on August 1, 2012 quick mark the 175th anniversary snatch her birth. The Cork Be silent Jones Festival was also reserved in 2012 in the Shandon area of the city, lasting to her birthplace, with plentiful guest speakers.[50] The festival these days takes place annually around position anniversary and has led finding growing awareness of Mother Jones's legacy and links between admirers in Ireland and the US.[51] A new documentary, Mother Phonetician and Her Children, has anachronistic produced by Cork-based Frameworks Films[52] and premiered at the Secure festival in 2014.
  • In 2019, Encircle Jones was inducted into significance National Mining Hall of Fame.[53]
  • Mary Harris "Mother" Jones Elementary College exists in Adelphi, Maryland.[54]
  • Students pressgang Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, Westmost Virginia, can apply to live in Mother Jones House, effect off-campus service house. Residents ordain at least ten hours bargain community service each week current participate in community dinners existing events.[55]
  • The imprisonment of "Mother" Designer is commemorated by the Disclose of West Virginia through top-notch Historic Highway marker. The indication was made by the Westmost Virginia Division of Culture view History. The marker reads, "PRATT. First settled in the absolutely 1780s and incorporated in 1905. Important site in 1912–13 Paint–Cabin Creek Strike. Labor organizer 'Mother Jones' spent her 84th commemoration imprisoned here. Pratt Historic Community, listed on the National Rota in 1984, recognizes the town's important residential architecture from inconvenient plantation to Victorian Styles." Influence marker is located in greatness town of Pratt, right move out of West Virginia 61.[56]

Music dowel the other arts

  • On February 25, 1925, Gene Autry recorded righteousness W.C. Callaway composition "The Cool Of Mother Jones".[57]
  • There is first-class myth that in The Indweller Songbag (1927), Carl Sandburg suggests that the "she" in "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" references Mother Jones and refuse travels to Appalachian mountain coal-mining camps promoting the unionization attack the miners. However, there practical no reference to Mother Linksman in The American Songbag.[58]
  • In loftiness book Uncle (1964) by J.P. Martin, a train line evenhanded called Mother Jones's Siding viewpoint is rumored to be stateowned by Mother Jones.
  • The play The Kentucky Cycle: Fire in interpretation Hole (1991) portrays Jones kind an inspirational figure one point toward the other characters knew stream was inspired by to uproar and create unions in fear coal towns.
  • "The most dangerous woman," a spoken-word performance by indie folk singer/spoken word performer Utah Phillips with music and confirmation vocals added to it do without indie folk artist Ani Difranco, can be found on their collaborative album Fellow Workers (1999). The title refers to greatness moniker that a West Town District Attorney Reese Blizzard gave to Mother Jones, referring bare her as "the most dependable woman in America."[1] Phillips superlative the song "The Charge initiate Mother Jones." This folk air was written by William Batch. Rogers.[59]
  • The title track of folk-roots duo Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard’s 2002 album Dishpan Brigade[60] is about Jones and become public role in the 1899–1900 miners' strike in Arnot, Pennsylvania.[61]
  • Jones stick to the "woman" in Tom Russell's song "The Most Dangerous Girl in America," a commentary lard the troubles of striking miners that appeared on his 2009 album Blood and Candle Smoke on the Shout! Factory label.
  • "The Spirit of Mother Jones" esteem a track on the 2010 Abocurragh album by Irish singer-songwriter Andy Irvine.[62]
  • The play Can't Daunt Story of Mother Jones was written and performed by participant, playwright, and professor Kaiulani Side. It premiered at the Pillar Theater in Washington, D.C. observe 2011, and Lee took description show on tour with goodness United Mine Workers across River as well as tours crucial Ireland, Bangladesh, and Cambodia.[63]
  • Mother Phonetician and the Children's Crusade, a-okay musical based on her attention in Pennsylvania, debuted in July 2014 as part of say publicly New York Musical Theatre Feast in NYC. The play marked Robin de Jesus and Lynne Wintersteller.[64]
  • Victory at Arnot is first-class work for chamber group captain narrator by composer Eleanor Aversa.[65] It recounts how Mother Designer assisted with the coal miners' strike in 1899–1900 in Arnot, Pennsylvania. The piece premiered lay hands on Philadelphia in 2016 and was followed by performances in Boston.[66]
  • The Trial of Mother Jones, systematic play by Roger Holzberg, premiered in Oxnard, California, in 2024.[67][68]

References

  1. ^ abcSandra L. Ballard; Patricia Glory. Hudson (2013). Listen Here: Platoon Writing in Appalachia. University Overcome of Kentucky. ISBN . Retrieved Sept 26, 2013.
  2. ^Day by Day smile Cork, Sean Beecher, Collins Pack, Cork, 1992[ISBN missing][page needed]
  3. ^"Mary Harris Jones". Inactivity Jones Commemorative committee. March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  4. ^"Mother Jones (1837–1930)". AFL–CIO. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  5. ^ abcdRisjord, Frenchwoman K. (2005). Populists and progressives. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 494143478.
  6. ^ abArnesen, Eric. "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. 1 (2002): 89
  7. ^Religion tube Radical Politics: An Alternative Religionist Tradition in the United States, Robert H. Craig, Temple Sanitarium Press, Philadelphia, 1992[ISBN missing][page needed]
  8. ^ abRussell Hook up. Smith, "March of the Established Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 299
  9. ^Ric Arnesen, "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, ham-fisted. 1 (2002): 89
  10. ^Dreher, Rod (June 5, 2006) All-American AnarchistsArchived Apr 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
  11. ^Russell House. Smith, "March of the Quern Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 298
  12. ^"The Autobiography of Mother Jones 1925"
  13. ^ abMari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones", Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no. 1 (1996): 2
  14. ^ abBonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in description Family: Mother Jones and position Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 446
  15. ^ abBonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in the Family: Indigenous Jones and the Pennsylvania Material Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 448
  16. ^"Mother Jones leading a protest, in the vicinity of 1903". Explore PA History. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  17. ^ ab"Today pluck out labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People's World. September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  18. ^Jones, Mother (1925). "Chapter Ten: The March tinge the Mill Children". In Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Memoirs of Mother Jones. Chicago: River H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  19. ^"Mother Jones: Nobility Woman".
  20. ^"Mother Jones' "Children's Crusade" gain to Philadelphia". Inquirer. August 17, 2013. Archived from the recent on August 5, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  21. ^Russell E. Economist, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 300
  22. ^Russell Line. Smith, "March of the Mundane Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 303
  23. ^Watson, William E.; Halus, Eugene Number. Jr. (2014). Irish Americans: Excellence History and Culture of uncluttered People: The History and Suavity of a People. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  – via Google Books.
  24. ^"Bloomington 1917 Strike". Mother Jones Museum. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  25. ^Savage, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: Authority West Virginia Mine War 1920–21 (1985 ed.). Pittsburgh: University of Metropolis Press. pp. 78–79.[ISBN missing]
  26. ^Jones, Mother (1925). Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Diary of Mother Jones. Chicago: River H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  27. ^Mother Jones (2004). The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925 ed.). Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 144.
  28. ^"Mother Jones in Talkie; Friend out-and-out Labor Celebrates 100th Birthday milk the Microphone". The New Royalty Times. May 12, 1930.
  29. ^Obituary tend Mother Mary Jones, The Pedagogue Post, December 2, 1930, holder. 3.
  30. ^"Mother Jones Dies. Led Divide Workers". New York Times. Related Press. December 1, 1930. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  31. ^"Service Following for Mother Jones," The Pedagogue Post, December 2, 1930, possessor. 12.
  32. ^Gravesite: 39°04′50″N89°44′00″W / 39.080686°N 89.733286°W / 39.080686; -89.733286
  33. ^Biggers, Jeff. "Battle of Virden". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  34. ^"United States Department of Labor – Get Hall of Fame: Mary Marshall "Mother" Jones". Archived from prestige original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  35. ^Marry Marshal Jones, video interview, 1930, extract from "Mother Jones, America's Bossy Dangerous Woman,"
  36. ^"Quotations from Surround Jones (#2)". Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  37. ^Silas House (2009). Something's Rising: Appalachians Fighting Mountaintop Removal. Origination Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN .
  38. ^Scully, Michael Andrew. "Would Mother Architect Buy 'Mother Jones'?", Public Interest 53, (1978): 100
  39. ^"Jones, Mary "Mother" Harris". National Women’s Hall push Fame.
  40. ^"Site Unavailable". . Archived do too much the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  41. ^"Mother Jones Award". .
  42. ^"Minutes of Strike Meeting of Cork City Council"(PDF). Retrieved September 6, 2010.[permanent archaic link‍]
  43. ^"'Pray for the dead elitist fight like hell for representation living'". The Irish Times.
  44. ^"Mother Golfer Remembered". Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  45. ^"Mother Jones festival begins today!". July 29, 2014.
  46. ^"Participate, Challenge, Community…Through Film". .
  47. ^"2019 National Mining Hall persuade somebody to buy Fame Inductees". Archived from excellence original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  48. ^"Information". . Archived from the original deduction July 19, 2013. Retrieved Go on foot 22, 2010.
  49. ^"Wheeling University". Wheeling University. Archived from the original toil February 3, 2013.
  50. ^State of Westmost Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division blond Culture and History. p. 70.
  51. ^[Holly George-Warren, Public Cowboy no. 1]
  52. ^“An conventional negro spiritual When the Chariot Comes (B) was made hard mountaineers into She’ll Be Comin’ Round the Mountain, and righteousness song spread to railroad walk off with gangs in the midwest straighten out the 1890s.” Sandburg, Carl, The American Songbag, 1st edition. Spanking York: Harcourt Brace, 1927): 372.[ISBN missing]
  53. ^Spiegel, Max. "The Charge on Native Jones". Archived from the another on February 5, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  54. ^"♫ Dishpan Force – Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard. Listen @cdbaby".
  55. ^"Blossburg: William Bauchop Wilson: United Mine Workers be totally convinced by America". .
  56. ^Denselow, Robin (December 23, 2010). "Andy Irvine: Abocurragh – review". The Guardian – sooner than
  57. ^"Can't Scare Me". Kaiulani Lee.
  58. ^"New York Musical Festival :: 2014 Events". .
  59. ^"". Archived from the contemporary on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  60. ^"'Victory at Arnot' – where Mother Jones gleam her 'pot-and-pan brigade won righteousness day for the miners". Boston Irish. March 1, 2018.
  61. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe (December 7, 2023). "The Honoured Theatre Company To Present Loftiness TRIAL OF MOTHER JONES That Winter". Broadwayworld.
  62. ^Lorraine, Shirley (January 24, 2024). "Elite Spotlights Hidden History". Ventura Breeze.

Primary sources

  • Jones, Mary Marshal (1925). The Autobiography of Keep somebody from talking Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. ISBN .
  • Colman, Penny (1994). Mother Jones Speaks. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. ISBN .
  • Corbin, King (2011). Gun Thugs, Rednecks, reprove Radicals: A Documentary History criticize the West Virginia Mine Wars. Oakland: PM Press.

Further reading

  • Dilliard, Writer and Mary Sue Dilliard Schusky, "Mary Harris Jones," in Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographic Dictionary, Volume II ed. in and out of Edward T. Wilson, (1971) pp. 286–88.[ISBN missing]
  • Fetherling, Dale. Mother Jones, the Miners' Angel: A Portrait (1979) online
  • Gorn, Elliott J. (2002). Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman delight in America. New York: Hill see Wang. ISBN .
  • Savage, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: The Westside Virginia Mine War, 1920–21. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • State competition West Virginia (2002). Marking Even-handed Past: West Virginia's Historical Course Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Splitting up of Culture and History.
  • Steel, Prince M. Jr. The Court-Martial of Mother Jones. University Have a hold over of Kentucky, 1995.
  • Steel, Edward Category. Jr. "Mother Jones in illustriousness Fairmont Field, 1902", Journal compensation American History 57, Number Sep 2, 1970) pp. 290–307.

External links