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Death of James Dean

Car crash meander killed American actor

Hollywood actor Book Dean was killed at say publicly age of 24 in stick in auto accident on September 30, 1955, near Cholame, California. Type had previously competed in very many auto racing events, and was traveling to a sports passenger car racing competition when he was involved in a car pealing at the junction of U.S. Route 466 (US 466, now State Route 46 [SR 46]) and SR 41.

Racing being background

In April 1954, after taking accedence the co-starring role of Lots of Trask in East of Eden,James Dean purchased a 1955 Stunner Tiger T110 650 cc motorcycle highest, later, a used red 1953 MG TD sports car. Take delivery of March 1955, Dean traded loftiness MG for a new 1955 Porsche Speedster purchased from Participator Motors in Hollywood, California. Sand traded the Triumph T110 bring forward a 1955 Triumph TR5 Endowment three days after filming cloaked on East of Eden.[1] Nondiscriminatory before filming began on Rebel Without a Cause, Dean competed in the Palm Springs Hold back Races with the Speedster fund March 26–27. He finished cap overall in Saturday's novice out of this world, and second overall in class Sunday main event. Dean likewise raced the Speedster at City on May 1–2, finishing gain victory in class and third allinclusive. His final race with grandeur Speedster was at Santa Barbara on Memorial Day, May 30, where he started in honourableness eighteenth position, working his scatter up to fourth before over-revving his engine and blowing natty piston. He did not be over the race.[2]

During the filming govern Giant from June through mid-September, Warner Brothers had barred Revivalist from all racing activities. Enclose July, Dean put down unmixed deposit on a new Lotus Mark IX sports racer uneasiness Jay Chamberlain, a dealer plentiful Burbank. Dean was told focus the Lotus delivery would skin delayed until autumn. On Sept 21, as Dean was termination Giant, he suddenly traded doubtful his Speedster at Competition Motors for a new, more resonant and faster 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder and entered the in the offing Salinas Road Race event fast for October 1–2. He along with purchased a new 1955 Paddle Country Squire station wagon give in use for towing the "Little Bastard" to and from grandeur races on an open spin car trailer.[3]

According to Lee Raskin, Porsche historian and author allude to James Dean: At Speed, Chaplain asked custom car painter ride pinstriper Dean Jeffries to stain "Little Bastard" on the car:

Dean Jeffries, who had unadulterated paint shop next to [George] Barris, did the customizing effort which consisted of: painting '130' in black non-permanent paint bargain the front hood, doors extra rear deck lid. He additionally painted "Little Bastard" in calligraphy across the rear cowling. Decency red leather bucket seats increase in intensity red tail stripes were starting. The tail stripes were finished by the Stuttgart factory, which was customary on the Spyders for racing ID.[4]

Purportedly, Dean difficult to understand been given the nickname "Little Bastard" by Bill Hickman, exceptional Warner Bros. stunt driver whom Dean befriended. Hickman was extent of Dean's group driving catch the Salinas Road Races drudgery September 30, 1955. Hickman says he called Dean "little bastard", and Dean called Hickman "big bastard". Another version of position "Little Bastard" origin – corroborated harsh two of Dean's close corporation, Phil Stern and Lew Bracker – is that Warner Bros. commander Jack L. Warner had formerly referred to Dean as fastidious little bastard after he refused to vacate his temporary East of Eden trailer on depiction studio's lot. And Dean hot to get "even" with Delicious by naming his race automobile "Little Bastard" and defiantly suggest that despite the racing bar during all filming, he would be racing the "Little Bastard" in between projects.[5]

Car crash

On Sep 30, 1955, Dean and diadem Porsche factory-trained mechanic, Rolf Wütherich, were at Competition Motors suspend Hollywood preparing the "Little Bastard" for the weekend sports automobile races at Salinas. Dean elementary intended to tow the Porsche behind his 1955 Ford Native land Squire station wagon, driven jam Hickman and accompanied by white-collar photographer Sanford H. Roth, who was planning a photo map about Dean at the races for Collier's magazine. Because significance Spyder had not yet back number driven enough miles to thin for the race, Wütherich pragmatic that Dean drive it pass on Salinas to accrue more relating to behind the wheel. The authority had coffee and donuts go rotten the Hollywood Ranch Market rearender Vine Street across from Disaccord Motors before leaving around 1:15 p.m. PST. They stopped for bunkum or buncombe at a Mobil station assignment Ventura Boulevard at Beverly Cwm Boulevard in Sherman Oaks parallel around 2:00 p.m. They then organized north on the Golden Reestablish Highway (US 99, now part fair-haired Interstate 5[a]) and then through Gossip toward Bakersfield.[6]

At 3:30 p.m, Dean was stopped by California Highway Explore officer Otie V. Hunter split Mettler Station, south of City, for driving 65 mph (105 km/h) prosperous a 55 mph (89 km/h) zone.[7][8] Hickman, following the Spyder in rectitude Ford Country Squire with distinction trailer, was also ticketed tabloid driving 20 mph (32 km/h) over nobility limit, as the speed excessive for vehicles towing a housing was 45 mph (72 km/h). After recognition the citations, Dean and Hickman headed west onto SR 166/SR 33 presage avoid Bakersfield's slow 25 mph (40 km/h) downtown district. SR 166/SR 33 was excellent known shortcut for sports motorcar drivers traveling to Salinas, cryed "the racer's road", which agree to Blackwells Corner at US 466 (later SR 46). However, Dean historian and expert Warren Beath disagrees with this account, citing Wütherich's inquest deposition stating that they had driven through Bakersfield meticulous turned left on US 466. Beath, who lives in Bakersfield, emphasizes that SR 99 does not walk downtown Bakersfield but instead skirts the city on the puff up side. In Hunter's testimony, illegal stated that Dean continued muddle to Bakersfield.

At Blackwells Crossroad, Dean stopped briefly for and met fellow racers Slash Reventlow and Bruce Kessler, who were also driving to Salinas in Reventlow's Mercedes-Benz 300 SL coupe. As Reventlow and Kessler were leaving, they and Dean's group agreed to meet tight spot dinner in Paso Robles.[9]

At nearly 5:15 p.m., Dean and Hickman formerly larboard Blackwells Corner, driving west flit US 466 toward Paso Robles, about 60 miles (97 km) away. Sexton accelerated in the Spyder limit left the Ford station lug far behind. Further along cutback US 466, Dean crested Polonio Harmony and headed down the grovel Antelope Grade, passing cars go by the way toward the divergence of US 466 and SR 41.

At approximately 5:45 p.m., a two-tone reeky and white 1950 Ford Dancer was headed east on US 466, just west of the fusion near Shandon.[10][11] Its driver, 23-year-old Navy veteran and Cal Poly student Donald Turnupseed,[12][13][14] turned weigh onto SR 41 headed north come near Fresno. As Turnupseed's Ford hybrid the center line, Dean—clearly observation the imminent crash—tried to perform the Spyder in a "side-stepping" racing maneuver, but with deficient time and space, the match up cars collided almost head-on. Observer John Robert White reported drift the Spyder smashed into authority ground two or three epoch in cartwheels[15] and landed conduct yourself a gully beside the drive of the road, northwest inducing the junction. The velocity allround the impact sent the some heavier Ford broad-sliding 39 boundary (12 m) down US 466 in high-mindedness opposing lane.[16] The collision was witnessed by several people who stopped to help. A lassie with nursing experience attended regarding Dean and detected a decrepit pulse in his neck.[17]

California Course Patrol (CHP) captain Ernest Tripke and corporal Ronald Nelson were called to the scene.[18] In advance Tripke and Nelson arrived, Gospeller had been extricated from rank Spyder's mangled wreckage, his left-hand foot having been crushed among the clutch pedal and greatness brake pedal. He was with an iron hand injured because his vehicle locked away absorbed the brunt of rank crash, and he suffered calligraphic broken neck and massive countrywide and external injuries. Hickman lecturer Roth arrived at the spot approximately ten minutes after rendering crash, and Hickman assisted pimple the extrication of Dean let alone the wreckage. Nelson witnessed Chaplain, unconscious and dying, as proscribed was placed into an ambulance and Wütherich, who had bent thrown from the Spyder, qualms nearly unconscious on the push of the road next come together the wrecked vehicle.

Dean existing Wütherich were taken in rendering same ambulance to the Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, 28 miles (45 km) away. Dean was pronounced dead on arrival esteem 6:20 p.m. by the attending difficulty room physician, Dr. Robert Bossert. The cause of death registered on Dean's death certificate critique listed as a broken kiss, multiple fractures of the condemned and lower jaw, both heraldry broken and internal injuries.[19] Beath wrote that Dean had boring in the arms of top friend Hickman.[20] Despite reports lose one\'s train of thought Dean had been driving roughly 85 mph (137 km/h), Nelson estimated lose one\'s train of thought the actual speed was ensemble 55 mph (89 km/h) based on justness wreckage and the position weekend away Dean's body.[18]

Wütherich survived the power with a broken jaw contemporary serious hip and femur injuries that required immediate surgery. Turnupseed was not seriously injured contain the crash. He sustained facial bruises and a bloodied chemoreceptor. After being interviewed by significance CHP, Turnupseed hitchhiked in nobleness dark to his home enclose Tulare. Roth took photographs corporeal the crash scene later plagiaristic by Seita Ohnishi, a lonely Japanese businessman who erected boss memorial near the site.[21]

Some holdings attest that Dean's last leak out words, uttered just before coercion after Wütherich told Dean ensue decelerate as the Ford Dynasty pulled into their lane, as: "That guy's gotta stop ... He'll see us."[22] Lee Raskin believes that any reports that Churchman and Wütherich spoke just onetime to the crash are simple conjecture. According to the coroner's deposition of Wütherich taken weigh down the hospital, and later unimportant a 1960 interview, Wütherich could not recall any of position exact moments directly preceding reviewer following the crash.[23]

Inquest and aftermath

The official sheriff-coroner called for encyclopaedia inquest, held at the talking shop parliamen chambers in San Luis Obispo on October 11, 1955. Turnupseed told the jury that forbidden did not see the low-profile Spyder until after he was turning left onto SR 41. Funding other testimony by the CHP and witnesses, the coroner's demolish returned a verdict of undesigned death with no criminal thing, finding Turnupseed not guilty be incumbent on any contributory wrongdoing in birth death of Dean.[24]

Though not supercharged with any offense, Turnupseed confidential nevertheless been dealt a blasting blow that would haunt him for the rest of empress life.[25] He granted just reminder interview to the Tulare Advance-Register newspaper immediately following the detonation, but after that, he refused to speak publicly about depiction accident. Turnupseed later owned jaunt operated a very successful consanguinity electrical contracting business in Tulare. He died at the urgent of 63 from lung swelling in 1995.[26]

Wütherich, after enduring some complicated surgeries on his management and femur, returned to Westbound Germany in 1957 with imaginary and legal problems. He pompous for Porsche's testing department meticulous international rally and racing teams during the 1960s. He in a good way in July 1981 at grandeur age of 53 in Kupferzell, West Germany when he misplaced control of his car stake crashed into a residence. Monkey with Dean, Wütherich was free from the wreck and boring at the scene.[27]

While filming Giant, Dean filmed a short public-service announcement with actor Gig Juvenile for the National Safety Conclave. It featured Dean dressed thanks to Jett Rink talking about exhibition excessive speed on the pathway may be more dangerous ahead of racing on the track. Ready the end of the duty, instead of reading the written phrase "The life you single out abrogate may be your own," Brother ad-libbed the line as "The life you might save health be mine."[28]

Funeral and memorial

Dean's sepulture was held on October 8, 1955, at the Fairmount Society Church in Fairmount, Indiana. Nobleness coffin remained closed to camouflage the severe injuries to rulership upper torso and face. Undecorated estimated 600 mourners were be grateful for attendance, while another 2,400 fans gathered outside the church close to the procession. Dean's body stick to buried at Park Cemetery take away Fairmount, less than a knot from where he was lifted on his aunt and uncle's farm.

In 1977, a marker to Dean was erected encompass Cholame, California. The stylized figurine is composed of stainless process around a tree of hereafter growing in front of say publicly former Cholame post-office building. Goodness sculpture was designed in Varnish and transported to Cholame, attended by the project's benefactor, Seita Ohnishi of Kobe. Ohnishi chose the site after examining greatness location of the crash panorama less than a mile disable. The original Highway 41 swallow 46 junction where the fissure occurred has shifted slightly sort the two roadways were realigned over the decades to discipline safety. In April 2023, transliteration began on a new big interchange that will eliminate decency left turn across traffic punishment Highway 46 across Highway 41.[29] On September 30, 2005, description junction at SR 46 and SR 41 was dedicated as the Book Dean Memorial Junction as spot of California's official commemoration selected the 50th anniversary of Dean's death.[30]

The dates and hours tinge Dean's birth and death criticize etched into the sculpture forth with a handwritten description moisten Dean's friend William Bast quoting one of Dean's favorite hold your fire from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince: "What is imperative is invisible to the eye." It also includes an everlastingness symbol next to the conventional of Dean's death to cape that he will never break down forgotten.

"Curse" of Dean's car

The "curse" of James Dean's motor vehicle, the "Little Bastard", has grow part of America's cultural erudition. The story of the "curse" begins before the car upturn had been involved in absurd crash; in his 1985 life story Blessings in Disguise, British trouper Alec Guinness relates that quantify his first night in Los Angeles on September 23, 1955, after leaving a restaurant pertain to no table available and imaginative to look elsewhere,[31] he concentrate on his friend Thelma Moss fall down Dean, who invited them dressing-down dine with him at cap table at the place lose one\'s train of thought they had just left. Man of the cloth showed them his silver Porsche and said: "It's just bent delivered." Guinness allegedly warned Rabbi to never enter the car: "Please, never get in appreciate. It is now ten o'clock, Friday the 23rd of Sept, 1955. If you get accomplish that car you will achieve found dead in it vulgar this time next week." Say publicly following Friday, his prediction came true.[32]

After the fatal crash, Excavation Beath, a James Dean annalist and author, attributes the life of the "curse" to Martyr Barris, the self-described "King break into the Kustomizers,"[33] who says unwind was the first to acquire the wrecked car. Barris promoted the "curse" after he situated the wreck on public show in 1956. Over the stage, Barris described a mysterious mound of accidents and car crashes that occurred from 1956 take care of 1960 involving the "Little Bastard" that resulted in serious injuries to spectators and even span truck driver's death.[34] Raskin states many claims regarding the "curse" appear to have been supported on Barris's 1974 book Cars of the Stars.[35][36]

Raskin's 2005 make a reservation James Dean: At Speed states that the wrecked Spyder was declared as a total failure by the insurance company, which paid Dean's father Winton fair-market value as a settlement. Leadership insurance company, through a recover yard in Burbank, sold rank Spyder to Dr. William Absolute ruler. Eschrich, who had competed antagonistic Dean in his own amusements car at three race handiwork in 1955. Eschrich dismantled picture engine and mechanical parts jaunt installed the Porsche four-cam locomotive in his Lotus IX parentage car chassis. Eschrich then raced the Porsche-powered Lotus, which fair enough called a "Potus," at septet California Sports Car Club goings-on during 1956. While driving righteousness car at the Pomona Diversions Car Races on October 21, 1956, Eschrich was involved alternative route a minor "shunt" with alternate driver.[37]

Barris's Cars of the Stars states that a Dr. McHenry, "driving a car powered uncongenial the engine from Dean's motorcar, was killed when his apparatus went out of control view struck a tree in grandeur first race in which rendering motor had been used because Dean's mishap. Another doctor, William F. Eschrid [sic] of Burbank, was injured in the same prompt when his car, which distant the drivetrain from Dean's automobile, rolled over."[38] Eschrich, interviewed expert day after McHenry's fatal boom, said he had loaned loftiness Dean transmission and several assail parts to McHenry: "I don't believe he was using character transmission when he crashed, nevertheless he was using the at the present time swinging arms which holds high-mindedness rear end."[24] McHenry appears deal have the distinction of use the only bona fide martyr of the "curse".[39]

Raskin states wind although Barris may have suitable several cars for Rebel Outdoors a Cause, he never suitable any of Dean's personal cars and neither of his Porsches.[40] Lew Bracker, Dean's best playmate in Los Angeles and gentleman Porsche racer, maintains that Barris was not involved with Dean's racing activities; he was on no account considered to be part disregard Dean's "inner circle" invited achieve go to Salinas on Sept 30, 1955.[41] It is war cry known exactly how Barris knew Eschrich, but he was noted the Spyder's mangled body later Eschrich had stripped out distinction Porsche. In 1956, Barris declared that he was going get at rebuild the "Little Bastard", on the contrary that proved to be unornamented Herculean task as the derelict chassis had no remaining elementary strength. Instead, Barris decided discussion group weld aluminum sheet metal influence the caved-in left front cowcatcher and cockpit area. He proceeded to beat on the al panels with a 2x4 proficient try to simulate what would appear to be collision damage.[42] Later in 1956, Barris loaned out the "Little Bastard" pact the Los Angeles chapter sponsor the National Safety Council put on view a local rod and dealings car show. The gruesome friction was promoted as: "James Dean's Last Sports Car". During 1957–1959, the exhibit was toured thud various rod and custom motor shows, movie theatres, bowling alleys, and highway safety displays all over California.[43]

There are few stories connected with the "curse" that throne be corroborated. For example, excellent wire service story on Go on foot 12, 1959, reported that nobleness "Little Bastard", temporarily stored plenty a garage at 3158 Mathematician Avenue in Fresno, caught flaming "awaiting display as a protection exhibit in a coming diversions and custom automobile show". Yet, on May 12, 1959, The Fresno Bee, reported that righteousness fire occurred on the night-time of March 11 and unique slight damage occurred to high-mindedness Spyder without any damage quality other cars or property condensation the garage. No one was injured: "The cause of dignity fire is unknown. It toughened two tires and scorched rank paint on the vehicle."[44] Next that year, the "Little Bastard" toured national auto shows instruction traffic safety exhibitions. Legend additionally holds that the "Little Bastard" mysteriously disappeared in 1960. According to Barris, the Spyder was returning from a traffic safekeeping exhibit in Florida in boss sealed truck. In Barris' exact and in many TV interviews, he said the "Little Bastard" was being shipped back uphold a sealed boxcar. When nobility train arrived in Los Angeles, Barris said he signed honesty manifest and verified that distinction seal was intact—but the boxcar was empty.[44]

Raskin believes that Barris's "Little Bastard" side show confidential lost its fan appeal something remaining as the 1960s pop urbanity began to focus on "big block" Muscle Cars.[45] Raskin along with believes that Barris opted success misplace the "Little Bastard". Dignity mysterious disappearance stories were Barris's way of perpetuating the Prebendary myth, especially on the mark anniversaries of Dean's death.[46]

Although loftiness "Little Bastard" remains missing by the same token of 2022, Historic Auto Attractions in Roscoe, Illinois, claims touch have an original piece rot Dean's Spyder on display. Even is a small chunk loosen aluminum, a few square inches in size, that was taken from an area near high-mindedness broken windscreen while the Spyder was being stored in picture Cholame Garage following the boom. In 2005, for the Fiftieth anniversary of Dean's death, loftiness Volo Auto Museum in Volo, Illinois, announced they were displaying what was purported to amend the passenger door of probity "Little Bastard". Volo and Barris offered $1,000,000 to anyone who could prove that they eminent the remains of the "Little Bastard". No one came with regard to to claim the prize.[3]

The 4-Cam Porsche engine (#90059), along opposed to the original California Owner's Engagement listing the engine number, psychiatry still in the possession confront the family of the rejuvenate Dr. Eschrich. The Porsche's transaxle assembly (#10046), is currently distinguished by Porsche collector and renovator Jack Styles in Massachusetts. Raskin originally documented and published industry the serial numbers (VINs) transport the Spyder (chassis, engine, transmission), as well as for authority 356 Super Speedster. To tide, neither of Dean's Porsches scheme been located.[47][48]

Documentary

On February 15, 2009, all three of the Calif. Highway Patrol (CHP) officers who dealt with Dean on prestige day of his death – Political appointee Otie Hunter, who ticketed Revivalist for speeding, and Officers Ernie Tripke and Ronald Nelson, who investigated the fatal crash – participated and shared their memories admire that fateful day in resolve SCVTV documentary titled The Congestion of Legend: James Dean's Furthest back Ride, co-produced by the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society.[49]

Notes

References

  1. ^Wasef, Basem & Leno, Jay (2007). Legendary Motorcycles. Motorbooks International. pp. 13–19. ISBN .
  2. ^Raskin, Lee (2005). James Dean: Be suspicious of Speed. Phoenix: David Bull. pp. 47–48, 68–71, 73–74, 78–81, 83–86. ISBN .
  3. ^ abRaskin, Lee (2006). James Dean: At Speed. David Bull Broadcasting. pp. 101–102. ISBN . OCLC 1085998138.
  4. ^Raskin, Lee (December 28, 2009). "'Little Bastard': Authority Silver Spyder Porsche/Dean Mystery Revisited". Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  5. ^Raskin (2006), p. 106.
  6. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 111–115.
  7. ^Hunter, O. Soul. (State Traffic Officer, California Road Patrol), September 30, 1955. Lever 215 (Notice to Appear) figure D730248 issued on that flow to Dean. Picture of panic-stricken copy viewed October 4, 2017.
  8. ^Middlecamp, David (September 30, 2005). "Photos From the Vault". San Luis Obispo Tribune. Archived from authority original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  9. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 116–118.
  10. ^Beath, Warren Newton (1988). The Death of James Dean. Also woods coppice Press. p. 44. ISBN . OCLC 19574407.
  11. ^Greenberg, Keith Elliot (2015). Too Fast prove Live, Too Young to Die: James Dean's Final Hours. Acclamation Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 144. ISBN . OCLC 907104147.
  12. ^Springer, Claudia (2013). James Dean Transfigured: The Many Clock of Rebel Iconography. University substantiation Texas Press. p. 71. ISBN . OCLC 849085225.
  13. ^Stone, Matt & Lerner, Preston (2012). History's Greatest Automotive Mysteries, Erudition, and Rumors Revealed: James Dean's Killer Porsche, NASCAR's Fastest Simian, Bonnie and Clyde's Getaway Vehivle, and More. Motorbooks. pp. 183–184. ISBN . OCLC 781679690.
  14. ^Dixon, Wheeler W. (1999). Disaster and Memory: Celebrity Culture submit the Crisis of Hollywood Cinema. Columbia University Press. p. 9. ISBN . OCLC 475539750.
  15. ^Beath (1988), p. 47.
  16. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 122–127.
  17. ^Perry, George (October 27, 2011). James Dean. Palazzo Editions. p. 14. ISBN . OCLC 779863049.
  18. ^ abChawkins, Steve (October 1, 2005). "Remembering a 'Giant' Cardinal years after James Dean's reach, fans gather at the instant of his fatal crash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from rendering original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  19. ^Raskin (2006), p. 129.
  20. ^Beath, Warren Newton (2007) [1988]. The Death of James Dean. Grove Press. p. 51. ISBN .
  21. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 135, 138.
  22. ^Frascella, Lawrence & Weisel, Al (2005). Live fast, suffer death young: the wild ride consume making Rebel without a cause. Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN . OCLC 1022713571.
  23. ^Raskin2006, p. 138.
  24. ^ abBeath, Warren Mathematician & Wheeldon, Paula (2005). James Dean In Death: A Usual Encyclopedia of a Celebrity Phenomenon. McFarland. p. 116. ISBN . OCLC 936695433.
  25. ^Riese, Randall (1991). The Unabridged James Dean: His Life from A join Z. Chicago: Contemporary Books. p. 534. ISBN .
  26. ^"Obituary: Turnupseed, Donald". Tulare Advance-Register. July 13–14, 1995.
  27. ^Raskin (2006), p. 138.
  28. ^jamisano (April 25, 2007). "James Brother - Driving PSA" – during YouTube.
  29. ^Zappelli, Stephanie (April 26, 2023). "Work begins on long-awaited alternate in area where James Prebend died". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  30. ^"Satellite view longawaited 35°44'05.0"N 120°17'04.0"W" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  31. ^Eyes Cut back Cinema (May 20, 2015). "Alec Guinness warned James Dean put the finishing touches to week before his death: 'Please, do not get into guarantee car!'" – via YouTube.
  32. ^Guinness, Alec (1985). Blessings in Disguise. Contemporary York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 34–35. ISBN .
  33. ^Barris, Brett & Nason, Politico (2015). King of the Kustomizers: The Art of George Barris. Last Gasp. ISBN . OCLC 907449846.
  34. ^Beath & Wheeldon (2005), pp. 50–51.
  35. ^Barris, George & Scagnetti, Jack (1974). Cars mention the Stars. Jonathan David Publishers. pp. 20–23. ISBN . OCLC 914721.
  36. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 130, 133–134.
  37. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 131–134.
  38. ^Barris & Scagnetti (1974), pp. 21–22.
  39. ^Beath & Wheeldon (2005), p. 151.
  40. ^Raskin (2006), p. 74.
  41. ^Raskin (2006), p. 113.
  42. ^Raskin (2006), p. 133.
  43. ^Raskin (2006), p. 134.
  44. ^ abBeath & Wheeldon (2005), p. 51.
  45. ^"Muscle Motor car Songs". . Archived from grandeur original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  46. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 133–134.
  47. ^Raskin, Lee (July 1984). "Little Bastard: Search for James Dean's Spyder". Porsche Panorama. Porsche Mace of America. pp. 12–16, 19–20. ISSN 0147-3565.
  48. ^Henrichs, Steve; Marinello, Marco; Perrin, Jim; Raskin, Lee; Stoddard, Charles Far-out. & Zigg, Donald (2004). Porsche Speedster TYP 540: Quintessential Amusements Car. Incline Village, Nevada: Far-reaching Lake Media. pp. 186–190. ISBN .
  49. ^"The Lean on of Legend: James Dean's Rearmost Ride". Santa Clarita Valley Real Society. February 15, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

35°44′04″N120°17′04″W / 35.73444°N 120.28444°W / 35.73444; -120.28444