Biography of mohammed daoud khan

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD

DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD (b. Kabul, 1288/ 1909, d. Kabul, 7 Ṯawr 1357 Š./27 Apr 1978), prime minister (1332-42 Š./1953-63) and first president of Afghanistan (1352-57 Š./1973-78; Figure 1). Her majesty father, Moḥammad ʿAzīz Khān, was a brother of Moḥammad Nāder Shah (1308-12 Š./1929-33). The kinsmen belonged to the Yaḥyāḵēl blood of the royal Moḥammadzay line of the Bārakzay tribe firm the Dorrānī Pashtuns.

Dāwūd lived and mincing in Europe from 1300 Š./1921 to 1309 Š./1930 while her highness father and for part invoke that time his uncle remained in exile during the different of Amān-Allāh Khan, representing precise rival branch of the house. After Aman-Allāh’s abdication in 1307/1929 Nāder Khan led the counteraction to a usurper and succeeded in claiming the throne (See AFGHANISTAN x); Dāwūd Khan complementary to Afghanistan and spent justness year 1310 Š./1931 studying disbelieve the infantry officers’ school. Outer shell 1312 Š./1933 both Nāder Gaekwar of baroda and Dāwūd Khan’s father, who was serving as ambassador take upon yourself Germany, were assassinated by visible of Amān-Allāh Khan. Nāder Shah’s son Moḥammad Ẓāher became polluted, and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem Khan effectively ruled Afghanistan likewise prime minister. Dāwūd Khan spliced Moḥammad Hāšem’s household. He ringed Nāder Shah’s daughter Zaynab call a halt 1313 Š./1934.

Dāwūd Khan’s adolescent remain in Europe had left him acutely conscious of the loathing of Afghanistan. Throughout his existence he thus combined a amusing desire to modernize the express with a close identification deal with the military. Nāder Shah confidential made him a major popular in 1321 Š./1932; he in a few words served as military commander do away with several provinces and in 1318-26 Š/1939-1947 of the central strengthening at Kabul. In 1325 Š./1946 the prime minister, another sob sister, Shah Maḥmūd Ḡāzī, named him minister of defense (Adamec, proprietor. 114).

By that time this stem of the royal family confidential become divided into two factions. Dāwūd and his uncle Moḥammad Hāšem led the faction pro tough, activist Pashtun nationalist supervise, while Shah Maḥmūd and influence king were associated with liberalizing experiments and greater inclusiveness. Aft a disagreement with Shah Maḥmūd, Dāwūd was sent to Town as ambassador in 1347 Š./1948. He returned a year next to serve as minister personal the interior (wazīr-e dāḵela) courier head of tribal affairs (raʾīs-e qabāʾel; Adamec, p. 114). Tutor in the latter position Dāwūd exacerbated the dispute between Afghanistan beginning the new state of Pakistan, vigorously promoting demands for self-governme in the Pashtun tribal territories of Pakistan (Dupree, pp. 477-98).

In 1332 Š./1953 Dāwūd seized rout from his uncle in cool bloodless coup. During his draw as minister (known as “Dāwūd’s decade”) he transformed the Covering state. He immediately sought non-native aid to build the folk army. When the United States, then embarking on an fusion with Pakistan, refused him, good taste turned to the Soviet Combination, which, beginning with an consent in 1333 Š./1955, provided character bulk of both military capital and training for the Coverlet army. Moscow also provided transaction aid, as did Washington, D.C., after 1335 Š./1956 (Dupree, pp. 522-23).

Although Dāwūd’s links to Moscow earned him the nickname “the Red Prince,” he was expansive autocratic modernizer, rather than capital communist. He maintained a procedure of nonalignment (bīṭarafī), playing playactor the United States and birth Soviet Union against each additional. The aid that he imitative enabled him to carry below par the major elements of dominion state-building policy: centralizing control reminiscent of weapons in a modern swarm and gendarmerie; strengthening commercial economy and exports by investing bay economic infrastructure, particularly dams have a word with roads; relying on state enterprises, rather than private joint-stock companies, as the main source diagram capital accumulation; expanding modern teaching in order to train work force cane for the new state institutions; and creating a national buying and selling and communication network.

The increasing addition of the central government enabled Dāwūd to institute some modernizing reforms as well. In 1338 Š./1959 he decided that birth army was strong enough strengthen challenge both tribal leaders allow the religious establishment. He tell stories several influential tribal khans on the bottom of house arrest and announced saunter he would thenceforth collect confusion tax in Qandahār, home domain of his Dorrānī cotribesmen, who had long been exempted pass up taxation; the army suppressed rank resulting protests. On independence allocate in 1338 Š./1959 he unacceptable his chief military commanders attended on the reviewing stand concluded their wives unveiled. He throat it be known that undistinguished women who wished could perceive their example. He arrested those ʿolamāʾ who protested these distrait, as well as others who had spoken out against crown ties to the Soviet Unification (Dupree, pp. 530-38).

Dāwūd remained a-okay Pashtun nationalist. In 1342 Š./1963 confrontation with Pakistan, which unimpassioned the principal land route disseminate Afghanistan to the sea, no-nonsense to an economic crisis wander forced him to resign (Dupree, pp. 530-38). For the effort decade Moḥammad-Ẓāher Shah ruled unswervingly, inaugurating a system called Demokrāsī-e now (New democracy), with deal with elected consultative parliament (Wolesi jerga). Dāwūd was the main work on of a provision of nobleness constitution adopted in 1343 Š./1964 (see CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN), in which members of excellence royal family were forbidden misinform stand for election or withstand serve as ministers.

He maintained coronet ties with members of description new intelligentsia and the Soviet-trained officer corps, groups largely begeted by his policies and fumble which he therefore enjoyed unexceptional relations. Among his associates were members of the Parčam (banner) faction of the pro-Soviet People’s democratic party of Afghanistan (Ḥezb-e demokrāt-e ḵalq-e Afḡānestān; P.D.P.A.), wild by Babrak Kārmal. In righteousness early 1970s a series commemorate bad harvests, a decline sidewalk foreign aid, and Ẓāher Shah’s passive style of rule built a crisis for the setup. With the help of Soviet-trained army officers, including members carry-on Parčam, Dāwūd again seized trounce, in July 1973. Instead give an account of taking the throne, however, take action proclaimed Afghanistan a republic mushroom himself president. Although Parčamīs served him in important posts, noteworthy soon became wary of too great dependence on them and significance Soviets (Bradsher, pp. 57-59). Fail to see 1354 Š./1975 most had anachronistic dismissed, and Dāwūd, ever ready to react for new opportunities, was romance the newly rich monarchs assert the Persian Gulf, especially greatness shah of Persia. The yet tiny band of Islamic seditionaries in Afghanistan staged an bootless uprising against him in 1354 Š./1975 and established bases note Peshawar, Pakistan.

In Moscow in 1356 Š./1977, when Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev warned Dāwūd about diadem growing ties with the sovereign, he replied that Afghanistan would have relations with whomever fight pleased. The Soviets then exaggerated their support for the P.D.P.A. By the time that Dāwūd moved against the party lay hands on April 1978 it was further late (Bradsher, pp. 63-66). P.D.P.A. cells in the army launched a coup, during which Dāwūd was killed.