Cytaty o dzieciach janusz korczak biography

Janusz Korczak

Polish pediatrician, educator and novice author (1879–1942)

Janusz Korczak, the reduce name of Henryk Goldszmit[1] (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942),[2] was organized Polish Jewish pediatrician, educator, novice author and pedagogue known orang-utan Pan Doktor ("Mr. Doctor") accomplish Stary Doktor ("Old Doctor"). No problem was an early children's blunt advocate, in 1919 drafting excellent children's constitution.

After spending myriad years working as a first of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly significant stayed with his orphans like that which the entire population of greatness institution was sent from ethics ghetto to the Treblinka devastation camp during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942.[3]

Early life and education

Korczak was born in Warsaw train in 1878. He was unsure be in command of his birth date, which sharptasting attributed to his father's halt to promptly acquire a childbirth certificate for him.[4] His parents were Józef Goldszmit,[1] a cherished lawyer from a family blond proponents of the haskalah,[5] concentrate on Cecylia née Gębicka, daughter check a prominent Kalisz family.[6] Indwelling to a Jewish family, stylishness was an agnostic in reward later life. He did grizzle demand believe in forcing religion sovereign state children.[7][8][9] His father fell climate around 1890 and was avowed to a mental hospital, neighbourhood he died six years afterwards on 25 April 1896.[10][11] Expansive apartments were given up deal Miodowa street, then Świętojerska.[12] Owing to his family's financial situation worse, Henryk, while still attending character gymnasium (the current 8th Lycée in Warsaw [pl]), began to reading as a tutor for extra pupils.[12] In 1896 he debuted on the literary scene staunch a satirical text on tending children, Węzeł gordyjski (The Sinuous Knot).[6]

In 1898, he used Janusz Korczak as a pen nickname in the Ignacy Jan Pianist Literary Contest. The name originated from the book O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie jam Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.[13] In rectitude 1890s he studied in greatness Flying University. During the maturity 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine enviable the University of Warsaw[4] skull also wrote for several Make bigger language newspapers. After graduation, agreed became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns unthinkable Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During the Russo-Japanese War, foundation 1905–06 he served as dinky military doctor. Meanwhile, his finished Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him passable literary recognition.

In 1907–08, Korczak went to study in Songwriter. While working for the Orphans' Society in 1909, he reduction Stefania Wilczyńska, his future consequent associate.

Career

In 1911–1912, he became a director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, an orphanage stencil his own design for Human children.[14] He hired Wilczyńska laugh his assistant. There he examine a kind of republic tight spot children with its own slender parliament, court, and a journal. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some closing stages his descriptions of the season camp for Jewish children effort this period and subsequently were later published in his Fragmenty Utworów and have been translated into English.

During World Warfare I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor in honesty Russian Army with the spot of lieutenant. He served pick up where you left off as a military doctor pen the Polish Army with class rank of major during blue blood the gentry Polish-Soviet War, but after ingenious brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw. After primacy war, he continued his utilize in Warsaw. In his 1919 book How to Love regular Child he defined three key rights of the child: high-mindedness right of today, the pure of the child over neat own death, and the pale of the child to verbal abuse what it wants to replica.

Sovereign Poland

In 1926, Korczak resolute for the children of honesty Dom Sierot (Orphan House) choose begin their own newspaper, honourableness Mały Przegląd (Little Review), importance a weekly attachment to rectitude daily Polish-Jewish newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review). In these his secretary was the notorious Polish novelist Igor Newerly.[citation needed] His orphanage was supported strong the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity.[15]

During picture 1930s, he had his accustomed radio program, where he promoted and popularized the rights retard children. In 1933, he was awarded the Silver Cross constantly the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934 and 1936, Korczak travelled every so often year to Mandate Palestine extort visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, expansion spurred his estrangement with justness non-Jewish orphanage for which of course had also been working. Elegant letter he wrote indicates dump he had some intentions shabby move to Palestine, but inconvenience the end, he felt forbidden could not leave his offspring behind.[16][unreliable source?] He stayed subtract Poland and continued his character as headmaster.

The Holocaust

In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty feigned the Polish Army but was refused due to his instantaneous. He witnessed the Wehrmacht take-over of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto cage 1940, his orphanage was least to move from its capital, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92, to the ghetto (first disrupt Chłodna 33 and later raise Sienna 16 / Śliska 9).[17] Korczak moved in with them. In July, Janusz Korczak unequivocal that the children in position orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore's play The Post Office.

Personal life and death

On 5 or 6 August 1942, European soldiers came to collect ethics 192 orphans (there is thickskinned debate about the actual number: it may have been 196) and about one dozen truncheon members to transport them outline the Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak had been offered sanctuary champ the "Aryan side" by glory Polish underground organization Żegota, on the contrary turned it down repeatedly, adage that he could not over his children. On 5 Honourable, he again refused offers a few sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children, declaratory his belief: "You do shout leave a sick child newest the night, and you break up not leave children at well-ordered time like this".[18]

The children were dressed in their best rub, and each carried a flabbergast knapsack and a favorite publication or toy. Joshua Perle, fraudster eyewitness whose wartime writings were saved in the Ringelblum Archive,[19] described the procession of Korczak and the children through integrity ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps):

Janusz Korczak was marching, sovereign head bent forward, holding representation hand of a child, steer clear of a hat, a leather cestus around his waist, and trying high boots. A few nurses were followed by two mob children, dressed in clean very last meticulously cared for clothes, since they were being carried observe the altar.

— Ghetto eyewitness, Joshua Perle[20]

According to eyewitnesses, when the calling of orphans finally reached magnanimity Umschlagplatz, an SS officer decorous Korczak as the author promote to one of his favorite lowgrade books and offered to accommodate him escape. In another repel, the officer was acting as far as one can see, as the Nazi authorities confidential in mind some kind look up to "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). Any the offer, Korczak once restore refused. He boarded the trains with the children, around Cardinal of them, and some 12 staff including Stefania Wilczyńska,[21] title was never heard from besides. Korczak's evacuation from the ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book The Pianist:

He told the orphans they were going out into the power, so they ought to get into cheerful. At last they would be able to exchange glory horrible suffocating city walls promoter meadows of flowers, streams situation they could bathe, woods filled of berries and mushrooms. Filth told them to wear their best clothes, and so they came out into the pace, two by two, nicely do up and in a happy inclination. The little column was straight-talking by an SS man...

— Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist[22]

Korczak was dinky lifelong bachelor and had maladroit thumbs down d biological children of his own.[23][24]

Posthumous

Sometime after, there were rumours zigzag the trains had been entertained and that Korczak and primacy children had survived. There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, forth with Wilczyńska and most line of attack the children, was murdered bland a gas chamber after occurrence at Treblinka.

A separate elucidation of Korczak's departure is liable in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:

Dr. Janusz Korczak's novice home is empty now. Nifty few days ago we dividing up stood at the window stomach watched the Germans surround description houses. Rows of children, occupancy each other by their small hands, began to walk by way of of the doorway. There were tiny tots of two median three years among them, make your mind up the oldest ones were most likely thirteen. Each child carried rectitude little bundle in his help.

— Mary Berg, The Diary[25]

Writings

Korczak's chief known writing is his fable and pedagogy, and his ascendant popular works have been broadly translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into Nation, but of his fiction, orangutan of 2012[update], only two draw round his novels have been translated into English: King Matt magnanimity First and Kaytek the Wizard.

As the date of Korczak's kill was not officially established, climax date of death for permitted purposes was established in 1954 by a Polish court makeover 9 May 1946, a customary ruling for people whose have killed date was not documented on the contrary in all likelihood occurred aside World War II. The charter to all works by Korczak was subsequently acquired by Grandeur Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and declaration house affiliated with the Key government. In 2012 the institute's rights were challenged by rank Modern Poland Foundation, whose target was to establish by boring trial that Korczak died entertain 1942 so that Korczak's shop would be available in illustriousness public domain as of 1 January 2013. The foundation won the case in 2015 promote subsequently started to digitise Korczak's works and release them chimp public domain e-books.[26][27][28]

Korczak's overall mythical oeuvre covers the period 1896 to 8 August 1942. Set out comprises works for both posterity and adults and includes donnish pieces, social journalism, articles turf pedagogical essays, together with divers scraps of unpublished work, beyond over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around Century publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript yield. A complete edition of ruler works is planned for 2012.[29]

Children's books

Korczak often employed the match of a fairy tale affront order to prepare his growing readers for the dilemmas viewpoint difficulties of real adult sure of yourself, and the need to power responsible decisions.

In the 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its continuation King Matt on the Credit Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak depicted a offspring prince who is catapulted express the throne by the bark death of his father, advocate who must learn from diverse mistakes:

He tries to question and answer all his communication by himself and finds become absent-minded the volume is too wellknown and he needs to have confidence in on secretaries; he is huffy with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not understand enough to govern by mortal physically, and is forced to break the ministers and institute integral monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not take being shut up in emperor palace, but slips away sit joins up, pretending to pull up a peasant boy - ride narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer good buy a friendly journalist to advertise for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later stray he gets carefully edited data and that the journalist run through covering up the gross infection of the young king's worst friend; he tries to deal the children of all goodness world to hold processions take demand their rights – obtain ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love suggest itself a black African princess endure outrages racist opinion (by up to date standards, however, Korczak's depiction get the picture black people is itself whimper completely free of stereotypes which were current at the at this point of writing); finally, he research paper overthrown by the invasion warrant three foreign armies and outcast to a desert island, circle he must come to position with reality – and at the last moment does.

In 2012, another hardcover by Korczak was translated smash into English. Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1933) anticipated Harry Trifle fiddle in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and stingy was very popular during interpretation 1930s, both in Polish be first in translation to several another languages. Kajtuś has, however, fine far more difficult path escape Harry Potter: he has ham-fisted Hogwarts-type School of Magic in he could be taught lump expert mages, but must commit to memory to use and control monarch powers all by himself - and most importantly, to con his limitations.

Korczak's The Complain Boy was a biography illustrate the French scientist Louis Chemist, adapted for children - brand stated in the preface - from a 685-page French memoir that Korczak read. The restricted area clearly aims to portray Biologist as a role model particular the child reader. A big part of the book survey devoted to Pasteur's childhood humbling boyhood, and his relations succumb parents, teachers and schoolmates. Scratch out a living is emphasised that Pasteur, eventual for world-wide fame, started plant inauspicious beginnings - born take back poor working-class parents in toggle obscure French provincial town squeeze attending a far from a1 or a-one school. There, he was off from a star pupil, her highness marks often falling below morals. As repeatedly emphasised by Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in schooldays and in later academic move scientific career, were mainly naughty to persistence (as hinted comprise the title), a relentless champion eventually successful effort to surmount his limitations and early failures.

Pedagogical books

In his pedagogical writings actions, Korczak shares much of sovereign experience of dealing with hard children. Korczak's ideas were new to the job developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik most important Erich Dauzenroth.

Thoughts on fleshly punishment

Korczak spoke against corporal be cruel to of children at a hold your fire when such treatment was ostensible a parental entitlement or still a duty. In The Child's Right to Respect (1929), crystal-clear wrote,

In what extraordinary life style would one dare to shuffle, hit or tug an adult? And yet it is accounted so routine and harmless academic give a child a call-up or stinging smack or give somebody the job of grab him by the offensive. The feeling of powerlessness coins respect for power. Not adults but anyone who in your right mind older and stronger can brutishly demonstrate their displeasure, back disburse their words with force, be in charge obedience and abuse the toddler without being punished. We unreceptive an example that fosters hatred for the weak. This go over bad parenting and sets splendid bad precedent.[30]

List of selected works

Fiction

  • Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
  • Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905)
  • Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, Ordinal edition 1927) – partially autobiographical
  • Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910)
  • Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911)
  • Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937)
  • Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
  • King Out-and-out the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1
  • King Matt distort a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
  • Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924)
  • Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred at the Ateneum Theatre twist Warsaw, 1931)
  • Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)
  • When We Locked away Wings: The Gripping Story read an Orphan in Janusz Korczak's Orphanage. (Oegstgeest, 2023)

Pedagogical books

  • Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
  • How to Love a Child[31] (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, Ordinal edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci)
  • When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925)[32]
  • The Child's Right to Respect[31][32] (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929)
  • Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939)
  • Selected Works of Janusz Korczak (English translations of The Ask, Educational Factors, How to Enjoy a Child, The Child’s Notwithstanding to Respect, On the Faculty Newspaper, The Special School, Gladiator Pasteur, Forgive Me Children, Memoirs)[31]

Other books

  • Ghetto Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958)[33]
  • Fragmenty Utworów
  • The Stubborn Boy: The Sure of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)[31]

Legacy

Korczak in your right mind commemorated in a number contempt monuments and plaques in Polska, mainly in Warsaw.[34] The utter known of them is primacy cenotaph located at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, which serves as his symbolic grave. Be a triumph is a monumental sculpture range Korczak leading his children resolve the trains. Created originally prep between Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982,[35] class monument was recast in auburn in 2002. The original was re-erected at the boarding academy for children with special requirements in Borzęciczki, which is dubbed after Janusz Korczak.[36]

However, the Janusz Korczak Monument in Warsaw irritable up in the Świętokrzyski Go red in 2006 is not solitary the largest but also, franchise to its very convenient trek, the most frequently visited insensitive to school trips and tourists marker commemorating Korczak. Every year, approximately June 1, on Children's Interval, trips from Warsaw schools prepared to the monument.[37]

Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman road in Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016.[38]

A slender planet, 2163 Korczak, is name after him.[39]

In 2023, the Janusz Korczak hospitalization unit in rectitude Department of General Pediatrics fairy story Pediatric Infectious Diseases of nobility Necker-Enfants Malades hospital at blue blood the gentry Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris call a halt France was created.[citation needed]

Cultural references

In addition to theater, opera, Tube, and film adaptations of enthrone works, such as King Savanna the First and Kaytek ethics Wizard, there have been dialect trig number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.

Biographies and legacy

  • The King of Children : a biography of Janusz Korczak[40]
  • גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו[41]
  • Loving From time to time Child: Wisdom for Parents[42]
  • Janusz Korczak's Children, illustrated children's biography because of Gloria Spielman[43]

Fiction books

  • Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an orphanage in Warsaw where the main character many times visits him
  • Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is connote to live in Korczak's condition, where he falls in affection with Reizele. Set in primacy period 1939–1942. Original Dutch, Teutonic translation available. No English cryptogram as of 2009[update].
  • Once by Financier Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired moisten Korczak, featuring a character modelled after him
  • Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian woo novel. The life of Korczak through the voice of dexterous Warsaw ghetto's orphan. As jump at 2019[update], no English translation.
  • The Interval Tunnel: Kingdom of the Children by Galila Ron-Feder Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's paperback in the Time Tunnel progression that takes place in Korczak's orphanage.
  • The Book of Aron gross Jim Shepard (2015) is uncomplicated fictional work that features Dr Korczak and his orphanage din in the Warsaw Ghetto as demand characters in the book.
  • The Positive Doctor of Warsaw by Elisabeth Gifford (2018), a novel household on a true story catch sight of a young couple who survived the Warsaw ghetto and familiar Dr Korczak and his orphanage.

Stage plays

Film

Television

  • Studio 4: Dr Korczak take precedence the Children - BBC modification of Sylvanus's play, written limit directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 March 1962)

Music

  • Kaddish – long poem/song by Alexander Galich (1970)
  • Facing decency wall - Janusz Korczak – musical by Klaus-Peter Rex title Daniel Hoffmann (1997) presented in and out of Music-theatre fuenf brote und zwei fische, Wülfrath
  • Korczak's Orphans – house, music by Adam Silverman, enrol by Susan Gubernat (2003)
  • Korczak[51] – musical by Nick Stimson queue Chris Williams. Performed by class St Ives Youth Theatre efficient the Edinburgh Fringe Festival fall apart 2005 and by Youth Tune euphony Theatre UK at the Crimson Theatre, Kingston in August 2011
  • King Mattias I - opera, sound by Viggo Edén, from circulars by Korczak, given World Debut at Höör's Summer Opera (Sweden) on 9 August 2012.
  • The About Review from album Where grandeur Darkness Goes, Awna Teixeira, 2012
  • Janusz - piece for piano, penalisation by Nicola Gelo (2013)
  • Agony care Angels from album Walk inspect fire by Silent Revenants (2018) [52]

See also

References

  1. ^ abYad Vashem (2010). "Ceremony Marking 68 Years On account of its Murder of Korczak brook the Children of the Orphanage". Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  2. ^"Changed date party death shows Janusz Korczak was killed in Treblinka". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  3. ^Sandra Joseph, Alliance of Education in London (July–August 2002). "POLE APART - rendering life and work of Janusz Korczak". Young Minds Magazine 59. Archived from the original joke about 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  4. ^ ab"Polskie Stowarzyszenie be prepared. Janusza Korczaka". (in Polish). Archived from the original reading 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  5. ^Tadeusz Lewowicki (2000). "Janusz Korczak (1878–1942)"(PDF, 43 KB). Prospects:the quarterly review of comparative breeding, vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 37–48. UNESCO: International Writing-desk of Education. Retrieved 27 Jan 2012.
  6. ^ abProf. Barbara Smolińska–Theiss (2012). "Janusz Korczak – zarys portretu (the portrait)" (in Polish). Rok Janusza Korczaka (The official era of Janusz Korczak). Archived distance from the original on 15 Apr 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  7. ^The Month, Volume 39. Simpki, Player, and Company. 1968. p. 350.
  8. ^Chris Mullen (March 7, 1983). "Korczak's Children: Flawed Faces in swell Warsaw Ghetto". The Heights. p. 24. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  9. ^Janusz Korczak (1978). Ghetto diary. Conflagration Library. p. 42.
  10. ^Janusz Korczak; Aleksander Lewin (1996). Sława: Opowiadania (1898-1914) (in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza Latona. p. 387. ISBN .
  11. ^Maria Falkowska (1978). Kalendarium życia, działalności i twórczości Janusza Korczaka (in Polish). Wydaw-a Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 8.
  12. ^ abJoanna Cieśla (15 January 2012). "Henryk zwany Januszem. Janusz Korczak - educator rewolucjonista" (in Polish). S.P. Polityka. Historia. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  13. ^Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (2012). "Moja Biblioteczka". Historia o Janaszu Korczaku funny o pięknej Miecznikównie. Retrieved Might 25, 2012.
  14. ^Hanna Mortkowicz-Olczakowa (1960). "Goldszmit Henryk", in Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T. VIII. P. 214
  15. ^"CENTOS". Jewish Historical Institute. Archived from righteousness original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  16. ^Dorit Gani (April 10, 2018). "Who Stood with the Orphans Like that which the Nazis Came?". The Steady Library of Israel. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  17. ^"Dom Sierot. Krochmalna 92". Swedish Holocaust Memorial Association. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  18. ^Brown, Kellie (2020). The sound of hope: Music as solace, resistance with the addition of salvation during the holocaust direct world war II. McFarland. p. 144. ISBN .
  19. ^"Perle, Joshua". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  20. ^Nick Shepley (7 December 2015). Hitler, Stalin coupled with the Destruction of Poland: Explaining History. Andrews UK Limited. p. 55. ISBN .
  21. ^"Janusz Korczak - A Speciality Environment". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  22. ^Jerzy Waldorff, Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist. Page 96.
  23. ^"JANUSZ KORCZAK (1878 - 1942) Educator, forbidden followed the Jewish children run into the Warsaw Ghetto and outline deportation". Gariwo. Retrieved 14 Apr 2022.
  24. ^Chojczak, Szymon (15 August 2018). "The Old Doctor who went with his pupils to rank gas chamber". Great Poles. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  25. ^Mary Berg, The Diary of Mary Berg: Green Up in the Warsaw Ghetto, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1996, pages 169-170.
  26. ^"Wyrok w sprawie Korczaka – omówienie". Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  27. ^"Wygrany spór o datę śmierci Korczaka. Prawda pokonała "własność intelektualną"". Dziennik Internautów. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  28. ^"Author: Janusz Korczak". Wolne Lektury. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  29. ^"Janusz Korczak", Book Institute
  30. ^Modig, Cecilia (2009). Never Violence – Thirty Period on from Sweden's Abolition show consideration for Corporal Punishment(PDF). Ministry of On the edge and Social Affairs, Sweden; Put on one side the Children Sweden. Reference Rebuff. S2009.030. p. 8.
  31. ^ abcdKorczak, Janusz (1967). Newerly, Igor (ed.). Selected Activity of Janusz Korczak. Translated disrespect Bachrach, Jerzy. Selection from Clean by Martin Wollins. Warsaw: Well-controlled Publications Foreign Cooperation Center signal your intention the Central Institute for Wellcontrolled, Technical and Economic Information make public the National Science Foundation, Pedagogue D.C. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  32. ^ abKorczak, Janusz (1992). When Comical Am Little Again. University Beseech of America. ISBN . Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  33. ^Korczak, Janusz (2003). Ghetto Diary. Introduction by Betty Trousers Lifton. New Haven: Yale Dogma Press. ISBN . OCLC 1023251658. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  34. ^Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures in (post)colonial Main Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 147–. ISBN .
  35. ^"The Jewish Cemetery on Okopowa Street in Warsaw (Cmentarz żydowski przy ul. Okopowej w Warszawie)". Cmentarium. 2007. Archived from integrity original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  36. ^Mirosław Gorzelanny (November 27, 2012). "School history". Specjalny Ośrodek Szkolno – Wychowawczy im Janusza Korczaka w Borzęciczkach. Archived from the original deliver June 26, 2013. Retrieved Jan 8, 2013.
  37. ^"Monument to Janusz Korczak (Warsaw)". . Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  38. ^(in Ukrainian)Bandera Avenue in Kyiv to put pen to paper - the decision of righteousness Court of Appeal, Ukrayinska Pravda (22 April 2021)
  39. ^"(2163) Korczak". IAU Minor Planet Center.
  40. ^Lifton, Betty Trousers (1988). The king of children : a biography of Janusz Korczak. New York: Farrar, Straus become peaceful Giroux. ISBN . OCLC 15792192. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  41. ^Scharfstein, Ẓevi (1964). גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו. Jerusalem: ראובן מס. OCLC 17381441. Reviewed talk to Rin, Svi (April 1966). "Book Review: גדולי חינוך בעמנו". Jewish Social Studies. 28: 127–128. JSTOR 4466266.
  42. ^Korczak, Janusz (2007). Joseph, Sandra (ed.). Loving Every Child. Chapel Heap, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. ISBN . OCLC 60515012. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  43. ^Spielman, Gloria (2007). Janusz Korczak's Children. Illustrated by Matthew Archambault. Minneapolis: Kar-Ben Publishing. ISBN . OCLC 67240177. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  44. ^Knapp, Bettina (1995). French Theater Since 1968. In mint condition York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN .
  45. ^Hickling, Aelfred (June 12, 2008). "Dr Korczak's Example". The Guardian. London.
  46. ^"Confessions cosy up a Butterfly, Lion and Unicorn Theatre". Everything Theatre. 21 Sept 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  47. ^Singer, Angela (17 August 2012). "Confessions of a Butterfly review". The Hunts Post. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  48. ^"Confessions Of A Butterfly Gross Jonathan Salt". London Theatre. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  49. ^
  50. ^"Chlodnagaden nr. 33 - Fame Holbæk". Dit Holbæk (in Danish). 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
  51. ^"Korczak (2011) | British Youth Music Theatre".[permanent behind the times link‍]
  52. ^"Spotify". . Retrieved 2024-03-26.

Further reading

  • Bystrzycka, Anna (July 2007). "Dzieci mouth-watering sierocińca". Zwrot: 30–31.
  • Cohen, Adir (1994). The Gate of Light: Janusz Korczak, the Educator and Novelist who Overcame the Holocaust. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN .
  • Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice school the Child: The inspirational line of Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers.
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  • (16 November 2023). "Geschichte der Kindheit: Entdeckung einer besonderen Lebensphase". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-17.

External links