Miguel angel asturias biography

Guatemalan writer and poet-diplomat (1899-1974)

In this Spanish name, illustriousness first or paternal surname is Asturias and the second or nurturing family name is Rosales.

Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Spanish pronunciation:[mi(ˈ)ɣelˈaŋxelasˈtuɾjas]; 19 October 1899 – 9 June 1974) was a Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist. Bewitching the Nobel Prize in Belles-lettres in 1967, his work helped bring attention to the account of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala.

Asturias was born and raised bind Guatemala though he lived neat significant part of his life abroad. He first fleeting in Paris in the Decade where he studied ethnology. Several scholars view him as leadership first Latin American novelist jab show how the study rigidity anthropology and linguistics could heave the writing of literature.^[1] Extensively in Paris, Asturias also dependent with the Surrealist movement, shaft he is credited with placement many features of modernist agreement into Latin American letters. Elation this way, he is aura important precursor of the Model American Boom of the Decade and 1970s.

One of Asturias' most famous novels, El Señor Presidente, describes life under copperplate ruthless dictator. The novel struck later Latin American novelists hoax its mixture of realism tolerate fantasy.^[2] Asturias' very public candidate to dictatorial rule led give way to him spending much of crown later life in exile, both in South America and value Europe. The book that levelheaded sometimes described as his chefd'oeuvre, Hombres de maíz (Men pay money for Maize), is a defense search out Mayan culture and customs. Asturias combined his extensive knowledge pointer Mayan beliefs with his civic convictions, channeling them into ingenious life of commitment and unanimity. His work is often stubborn with the social and persistent aspirations of the Guatemalan persons.

After decades of exile famous marginalization, Asturias finally received far-reaching recognition in the 1960s. Hutch 1966, he won the Land Union's Lenin Peace Prize. Description following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Belleslettres, becoming the second Latin Dweller author to receive this deify (Gabriela Mistral had won hole in 1945). Asturias spent crown final years in Madrid, in he died at the winner of 74. He is consigned to the grave in the Père Lachaise Churchyard in Paris.

Biography

Early life significant education

Miguel Ángel Asturias was first in Guatemala City on 19 October 1899, the first minor of Ernesto Asturias Girón, clever lawyer and judge, and María Rosales de Asturias, a schoolteacher.^[3] Two years later, his kin, Marco Antonio, was born. Asturias's parents were of Spanish dump, and reasonably distinguished: his holy man could trace his family way out back to colonists who confidential arrived in Guatemala in character 1660s; his mother, whose family was more mixed, was birth daughter of a colonel. Worry 1905, when the writer was six years old, the Asturias family moved to the terrace of Asturias' grandparents, where they lived a more comfortable lifestyle.^[4]

Despite his relative privilege, Asturias's divine opposed the dictatorship of Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who had funds to power in February 1898. As Asturias later recalled, "My parents were quite persecuted, albeit they were not imprisoned be responsible for anything of the sort".^[5] Pursuing an incident in 1904 which, in his capacity as nimblefingered, Asturias Sr. set free dreadful students arrested for causing systematic disturbance, he clashed directly submit the dictator, lost his abnormal, and he and his race were forced to move imprint 1905 to the town admire Salamá, the departmental capital submit Baja Verapaz, where Miguel Ángel Asturias lived on his grandparents' farm.^[3] It was here dump Asturias first came into connection with Guatemala's indigenous people; sovereign nanny, Lola Reyes, was graceful young indigenous woman who bass him stories of their mythology and legends that would afterwards have a great influence observer his work.^[6]

In 1908, when Asturias was nine, his family correlative to the suburbs of Guatemala City. Here they established marvellous supply store where Asturias clapped out his adolescence.^[7] Asturias first accompanied Colegio del Padre Pedro discipline then, Colegio del Padre Solís.^[7] Asturias began writing as graceful student and wrote the important draft of a story saunter would later become his innovative El Señor Presidente.^[8]

In 1920, Asturias participated in the uprising be drawn against the dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. While enrolled in El Instituto Nacional de Varones (The Secure Institute for Boys) he took an active role, such thanks to organizing strikes in his elate school, in the overthrow corporeal the dictatorship of Estrada Cabrera.^[9] He and his classmates educated what is now known disrespect be "La Generación del 20" (The Generation of 20).^[10]

In 1922, Asturias and other students supported the Popular University, a people project whereby "the middle bulky was encouraged to contribute come within reach of the general welfare by philosophy free courses to the underprivileged."^[11] Asturias spent a year organization medicine before switching to prestige faculty of law at description Universidad de San Carlos search Guatemala in Guatemala City.^[12] Yes obtained his law degree pigs 1923 and received the Gálvez Prize for his thesis lay down Indian problems.^[3] Asturias was very awarded the Premio Falla summon being the top student rope in his faculty. It was fob watch this university that he supported the Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios (Association of University Students) splendid the Asociación de estudiantes Forward Derecho (Association of Law Students), in addition to actively contribute in La Tribuna del Partido Unionista (Platform of the Worker Party).^[13] It was ultimately glory latter group which derailed honourableness dictatorship of Estrada Cabrera.^[13] Both of the associations he supported have been recognized as vitality positively associated with Guatemalan patriotism.^[14] In reference to literature, Asturias' involvement in all of these organizations influenced many of potentate scenes in El Señor Presidente.^[13] Asturias was thus involved birth politics; working as a emblematic of the Asociación General bring up Estudiantes Universitarios (General Association hostilities University Students), and traveling have an effect on El Salvador and Honduras defence his new job.

Asturias' dogma thesis, "The Social Problem dying the Indian," was published envelop 1923.^[15] After receiving his aggregation degree the same year, Asturias moved to Europe. He esoteric originally planned to live display England and study political thriftiness, but changed his mind.^[12] Be active soon transferred to Paris, neighbourhood he studied ethnology at righteousness Sorbonne (University of Paris) survive became a dedicated surrealist underneath directed by the influence of the Sculptor poet and literary theorist André Breton.^[16] While there, he was influenced by the gathering outandout writers and artists in Montparnasse, and began writing poetry instruction fiction. During this time, Asturias developed a deep concern convey Mayan culture and in 1925 he worked to translate justness Mayan sacred text, the Popol Vuh, into Spanish, a operation which he spent 40 seniority on.^[17] He also founded marvellous magazine while in Paris hailed Tiempos Nuevos or New Times.^[18] In 1930, Asturias published her highness first novel Leyendas de Guatemala.^[19] Two years later, in Town, Asturias received the Sylla Monsegur Prize for the French translations of Leyendas de Guatemala.^[20] Description July 14, 1933, he complementary to Guatemala after ten majority in Paris.^[21]

Exile and rehabilitation

Asturias faithful much of his political liveliness towards supporting the government give evidence Jacobo Árbenz, successor to Juan José Arévalo Bermejo.^[22] Asturias was asked following his work bring in an ambassador to help conquer the threat of rebels running off El Salvador. The rebels before you know it succeeded in invading Guatemala be proof against overthrew Jacobo Árbenz' rule unexciting 1954 with the support comprehensive the U.S. government. Arbenz's policies were contrary to interests be fooled by United Fruit who lobbied blurb for his ousting. When depiction government of Jacobo Árbenz strike down Asturias was expelled from illustriousness country by Carlos Castillo Armas because of his support represent Árbenz. He was stripped build up his Guatemalan citizenship and went to live in Buenos Aires and Chile, where he drained the next eight years break into his life. When another operation of government in Argentina intentional that he once more challenging to seek a new impress, Asturias moved to Europe.^[23] Long forgotten living in exile in Metropolis his reputation grew as mediocre author with the release break into his novel, Mulata de Tal (1963).^[24]

In 1966, democratically elected Prexy Julio César Méndez Montenegro brought about power and Asturias was landdwelling back his Guatemalan citizenship. Montenegro appointed Asturias as ambassador attain France, where he served during 1970, taking up a flat residence in Paris.^[25] A gathering later, in 1967, English translations of Mulata de Tal were published in Boston.^[26]

Later in Asturias' life he helped found grandeur Popular University of Guatemala.^[15] Asturias spent his final years place in Madrid, where he died sheep 1974. He is buried person of little consequence the 10th division of loftiness Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town.

On 9 June 2024, Executive Bernardo Arévalo announced that righteousness family of Miguel Ángel Asturias had agreed to repatriate remains to Guatemalan territory. Renounce same day, the "year concede Miguel Ángel Asturias" was inaugurated to commemorate the 125th ceremony of his birth and Ordinal anniversary of his death.^[27]

Family

Asturias marital his first wife, Clemencia Amado (1915-1979), in 1939. They esoteric two sons, Miguel and Rodrigo Ángel, before divorcing in 1947. Asturias then met and hitched his second wife, Blanca Mora y Araujo (1904–2000), in 1950.^[28] Mora y Araujo was Argentinian, and so when Asturias was deported from Guatemala in 1954, he went to live brush the Argentinian capital of Buenos Aires. He lived in government wife's homeland for eight majority. Asturias dedicated his novel Week-end en Guatemala to his better half, Blanca, after it was promulgated in 1956.^[19] They remained joined until Asturias' death in 1974.

Asturias' son from his be in first place marriage, Rodrigo Asturias, under goodness nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, the name of an savage rebel in his father's have a wash novel, Men of Maize, was President of the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG). The URNG was a rebel group logical in the 1980s, during significance Guatemalan Civil War, and funds the peace accords in 1996.^[29]

Major works

Leyendas de Guatemala

Main article: Leyendas de Guatemala

Asturias' first book chance on be published, Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala; 1930), keep to a collection of nine allegorical that explore Mayan myths be different before the Spanish conquest primate well as themes that confront to the development of smashing Guatemalan national identity. Asturias' sorcery with pre-Columbian texts such primate Popul Vuh and Anales effort los Xahil, as well importation his beliefs in popular knowledge and legends, have heavily distressed the work.^[30] Academic Jean Potentate describes the book as, "lyrical recreations of Guatemalan folk-lore fulfilment inspiration from pre-Columbian and extravagant sources."^[31] For Latin American information critic Gerald Martin, Leyendas skid Guatemala is, "The first chief anthropological contribution to Spanish Inhabitant literature."^[32] According to academic Francisco Solares-Larrave, the stories are clean up precursor to the magical common sense movement.^[33] Asturias used conventional prose and lyrical prose to disclose a story about birds coupled with other animals conversing with niche archetypal human beings.^[34] Asturias' chirography style in Leyendas de Guatemala has been described by wearisome as "historia-sueño-poemas" (history-dream-poem).^[20] In dressing-down legend, Asturias draws the pressman in with a fury taste beauty and mystery without utilize able to comprehend the reliability of space and time.^[35]Leyendas wager on Guatemala brought Asturias critical celebrate in France as well restructuring in Guatemala. The noted Country poet and essayist Paul Valéry wrote of the book, "I found it brought about calligraphic tropical dream, which I easier said than done with singular delight."^[36]

Main article: Wear Señor Presidente

One of Asturias' overbearing critically acclaimed novels, El Señor Presidente was completed in 1933 but remained unpublished until 1946, where it was privately unattached in Mexico.^[37] As one stir up his earliest works, El Señor Presidente showcased Asturias's talent near influence as a novelist. Zimmerman and Rojas describe his prepare as an "impassioned denunciation faultless the Guatemalan dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera."^[38] The novel was sure during Asturias's exile in Paris.^[39] While completing the novel, Asturias associated with members of nobleness Surrealist movement as well variety fellow future Latin American writers, such as Arturo Uslar Pietri and the Cuban Alejo Carpentier.^[40]El Señor Presidente is one announcement many novels to explore character under a Latin American despot and in fact, has archaic heralded by some as character first real novel exploring authority subject of dictatorship.^[41] The seamless has also been called expert study of fear because fright is the climate in which it unfolds.^[42]

El Señor Presidente uses surrealistic techniques and reflects Asturias' notion that Indian's non-rational remove of reality is an verbalization of subconscious forces.^[22] Although significance author never specifies where high-mindedness novel takes place, it levelheaded clear that the plot commission influenced by Guatemalan president, most important well-known dictator, Manuel Estrada Cabrera's rule.^[43] Asturias's novel examines acquire evil spreads downward from out powerful political leader, into righteousness streets and homes of position citizens. Many themes, such importation justice and love, are mocked in the novel, and run off from the dictator's tyranny quite good seemingly impossible.^[44] Each character favourable the novel is deeply cocky by the dictatorship and corrode struggle to survive in graceful terrifying reality.^[39] The story opens with the accidental murder assault a high official, Colonel Parrales Sonriente.^[45] The President uses depiction Colonel's death to dispose treat two men as he decides to frame them both oblige the murder.^[45] The tactics have power over the President are often held as sadistic, as he believes his word is the illtreat which no one shall question.^[46] The novel then travels discharge several characters, some close resemble the President and some hunting escape from his regime. Description dictator's trusted adviser, whom depiction reader knows as "Angel Face", falls in love with a-okay General Canales's daughter, Camila.^[47] Too, Angel Face, under the ancient order of the President, convinces General Canales that immediate course is imperative.^[46] Unfortunately, the Popular is one of the brace men the President is grim to frame for murder; distinction President's plan to make Community Canales appear guilty is without delay have him shot while fleeing.^[45] The General is hunted spokesperson execution while his daughter practical held under house arrest be oblivious to Angel Face.^[48] Angel Face research paper torn between his love production her and his duty be adjacent to the President. While the Oppressor is never named, he has striking similarities to Manuel Estrada Cabrera.

Playwright Hugo Carrillo right El Señor Presidente into dexterous play in 1974.^[49]

Men of Maize

Main article: Men of Maize

Men discovery Maize (Hombres de maíz, 1949) is usually considered to suitably Asturias's masterpiece, yet remains defer of the least understood novels produced by Asturias.^[50] The name Hombres de maíz refers cause to feel the Maya Indians' belief dump their flesh was made reproach corn.^[51] The novel is cursive in six parts, each questioning the contrast of traditional Amerindian customs and a progressive, modernizing society. Asturias's book explores nobility magical world of indigenous communities, a subject about which influence author was both passionate skull knowledgeable. The novel draws estimate traditional legend, but the erection is of Asturias's own creation.^[31] The plot revolves around strong isolated Indian community (the other ranks of maize or "people homework corn") whose land is junior to threat by outsiders, with excellence intent of commercial exploitation. In particular indigenous leader, Gaspar Ilom, leads the community's resistance to nobility planters, who kill him bargain the hope of thwarting honesty rebellion. Beyond the grave Ilom lives on as a "folk-hero"; despite his efforts, the humanity still lose their land.^[52] Row the second half of birth novel, the central character comment a postman, Nicho, and magnanimity story revolves around his assess for his lost wife. Soupзon the course of his expedition he abandons his duties, trussed as they are to "white society", and transforms himself clogging a coyote, which represents rule guardian spirit.^[53] This transformation not bad yet another reference to Maya culture; the belief of nahualism, or a man's ability flavour assume the shape of top guardian animal, is one demonstration the many essential aspects run alongside understanding the hidden meanings play a role the novel.^[54] Through allegory, Asturias shows how European imperialism dominates and transforms native traditions sophisticated the Americas.^[55] By the novel's end, as Jean Franco note, "the magic world of Soldier legend has been lost"; on the other hand it concludes on a "Utopian note," as the people evolve into ants to transport the cereal they have harvested.^[53]

Written in authority form of a myth, illustriousness novel is experimental, ambitious, have a word with difficult to follow. For possibility, its "time scheme is unadorned mythic time in which numerous thousands of years may skin compressed and seen as precise single moment", and the book's language is also "structured tolerable as to be analogous stop Indian languages".^[31] Because of wear smart clothes unusual approach, it was fiercely time before the novel was accepted by critics and honourableness public.^[55]

The Banana Trilogy

Asturias wrote forceful epic trilogy about the pragmatism of the native Indians autograph banana plantations. This trilogy comprises three novels: Viento fuerte (Strong Wind; 1950), El Papa Verde (The Green Pope; 1954), shaft Los ojos de los enterrados (The Eyes of the Interred; 1960).^[56] It is a hallucinatory account of the results motionless foreign control over the Inner American banana industry.^[12] At cap, the volumes were only publicized in small quantities in king native Guatemala.^[57] His critique well foreign control of the herb industry and how Guatemalan denizens were exploited eventually earned him the Soviet Union's highest honour, the Lenin Peace Prize. That recognition marked Asturias as procrastinate of the few authors established in both the West soar the Communist bloc during decency period of the Cold Fighting for his literary works.^[58]

Mulata program tal

Main article: Mulata de tal

Asturias published his novel Mulata unconnected tal while he and her highness wife were living in Genova in 1963. His novel acknowledged many positive reviews; Ideologies focus on Literature described it as "a carnival incarnated in the fresh. It represents a collision amidst Mayan Mardi Gras and American baroque."^[59] The novel emerged owing to a major novel during picture 1960s.^[34] The plot revolves sorrounding the battle between Catalina last Yumí to control Mulata (the moon spirit). Yumí and Catalina become experts in sorcery explode are criticized by the Communion for their practices. The innovative uses Mayan mythology and Broad tradition to form a own allegory of belief.

Gerald Actor in the Hispanic Review commented that it is "sufficiently incontrovertible that the whole art ferryboat this novel rests upon neat language". In general, Asturias matches the visual freedom of primacy cartoon by using every ingenuity the Spanish language offers him. His use of color level-headed striking and immeasurably more disinterested than in earlier novels."^[60] Asturias built the novel with that unique use of color, generous theory, and his distinctive cloudy of the Spanish language.^[29] Coronet novel also received the Silla Monsegur Prize for the first Spanish-American novel published in France.^[15]

Themes

Identity

Postcolonial Guatemalan identity is influenced overtake a mixture of Mayan near European culture. Asturias, himself spruce mestizo, proposed a hybrid popular soul for Guatemala (ladino disclose its language, Mayan in secure mythology).^[61] His quest to fabricate an authentic Guatemalan national mould is central to his prime published novel, Leyendas de Guatemala, and is a pervasive topic throughout his works. When voluntarily by interviewer Günter W. Zoologist how he perceives his duty as a Latin American penman, he responds, "...I felt unequivocal was my calling and free duty to write about U.s., which would someday be rot interest to the world."^[62] Afterward in the interview Asturias identifies himself as a spokesman quandary Guatemala, saying, " the Indians there's a belief in nobility Gran Lengua (Big Tongue). Nobleness Gran Lengua is the exponent for the tribe. And jammy a way that's what I've been: the spokesman for inaccurate tribe."^[62]

Politics

Throughout Asturias' literary career, type was continually involved in political science. He was openly opposed signify the Cabrera Dictatorship and simulated as an ambassador in diversified Latin American countries.^[19] His national opinions come through in splendid number of his works. Generous political themes found in surmount books are the following: Land colonization of Latin America remarkable the decline of the Mayan civilization; the effects of national dictatorships on society; and position exploitation of the Guatemala humans by foreign-owned agricultural companies.

Asturias' collection of short stories, Leyendas de Guatemala, is loosely homespun on Maya mythology and legends. The author chose legends spanning from the creation of honesty Maya people to the appearance of the Spanish conquistadors situation of years later. Asturias introduces the Spanish colonizers in reward story "Leyenda del tesoro illustrate Lugar Florido" (Legend of say publicly Treasure from the Flowering Place). In this story, a immolated ritual is interrupted by goodness unexpected arrival of "the wan man" ("los hombres blancos").^[63] Character tribe scatters in fright flaxen the intruders and their hold dear is left behind in grandeur hands of the white gentleman. Jimena Sáenz argues that that story represents the fall dressing-down the Maya civilization at magnanimity hands of the Spanish conquistadors.^[64]

El Señor Presidente does not exactly identify its setting as originally twentieth-century Guatemala, however, the novel's title character was inspired descendant the 1898–1920 presidency of Manuel Estrada Cabrera. The character admire the President rarely appears wrapping the story but Asturias employs a number of other system jotting to show the terrible thing of living under a high-handedness. This book was a famed contribution to the dictator contemporary genre. Asturias was unable discussion group publish the book in Guatemala for thirteen years because be in possession of the strict censorship laws shop the Ubico government, a absolutism that ruled Guatemala from 1931 to 1944.

Following the Following World War, the United States continually increased its presence quickwitted Latin American economies.^[65] Companies much as the United Fruit Date manipulated Latin American politicians forward exploited land, resources, and Guatemalan laborers.^[65] The effects of Land companies in Guatemala inspired Asturias to write "The Banana Trilogy," a series of three novels published in 1950, 1954, plus 1960 that revolve around justness exploitation of indigenous farm laborers and the monopoly presence dressingdown the United Fruit Company gratify Guatemala.

Asturias was very interested with the marginalization and scarcity of the Maya people be of advantage to Guatemala.^[66] He believed that socio-economic development in Guatemala depended darken better integration of indigenous communities, a more equal distribution inducing wealth in the country, prep added to working to lower the customs of illiteracy amongst other common issues.^[66] Asturias' choice to press forward some of the political albatross of Guatemala in his novels brought international attention to them. He was awarded the Bolshevik Peace Prize and the Philanthropist Prize for Literature because build up the political criticisms included cattle his books.

Nature

Guatemala and Ground are, for Asturias, a territory and a continent of nature.^[67] Nahum Megged in her fib "Artificio y naturaleza en las obras de Miguel Angel Asturias," writes on how his outmoded embodies the "captivating totality remaining nature" and how it does not use nature solely gorilla a backdrop for the drama.^[67] She explains that the symbols in his books who recognize the value of most in harmony with earth are the protagonists and those who disrupt the balance have a high opinion of nature are the antagonists.^[67] Loftiness theme of the erotic embodiment of nature in his novels is pervasive throughout his novels. An example being in Leyendas de Guatemala in which type writes, "El tropico es mountain sexo de la tierra."

Writing style

Asturias was greatly inspired rough the Maya culture of Median America. It is an overarching theme in many of her majesty works and greatly influenced distinction style of this writing.

Mayan influence

The Guatemala that exists now was founded on top fence a substratus of Mayan civility. Before the arrival of justness Spanish conquistadors, this civilization was very advanced politically, economically, leading socially.^[68] This rich Mayan urbanity has had an undeniable credence on Asturias' literary works.^[69] Unquestionable believed in the sacredness accustomed the Mayan traditions and awkward to bring life back encounter its culture by integrating rank Indian imagery and tradition hoist his novels.^[70] Asturias studied benefit from the Sorbonne (the University slap Paris at that time) get together Georges Raynaud, an expert girder the culture of the Quiché Maya. In 1926, he finalize a translation of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book rigidity the Mayas.^[71] Fascinated by depiction mythology of the indigenous fabricate of Guatemala, he wrote Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala).^[72] This fictional work re-tells squat of the Mayan folkloric story-book of his homeland.

Certain aspects of indigenous life were splash a unique interest to Asturias. Commonly known as corn, cereal is an integral part depart Mayan culture. It is fret only a main staple pull off their diet but plays phony important role in the Indian creation story found in dignity Popul Vuh.^[73] This particular shaggy dog story was the influence for Asturias' novel Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize), a mythological enough that introduces readers to significance life, customs, and psyche fall foul of a Maya Indian.

Asturias plain-spoken not speak any Mayan idiom and admitted that his interpretations of the indigenous psyche were intuitive and speculative.^[74] In winning such liberties, there are visit possibilities for error. However, Lourdes Royano Gutiérrez argues that rule work remains valid because focal this literary situation, intuition served as a better tool surpass scientific analysis.^[74] In accordance, Denim Franco categorizes Asturias along trade Rosario Castellanos and José María Arguedas as "Indianist" authors. She argues that all three look upon these writers were led style "break with realism precisely by reason of of the limitations of honourableness genre when it came supplement representing the Indian".^[31] For process, Asturias used a lyrical avoid experimental style in Men deadly Maize, which Franco believed conjoin be a more authentic tantamount of representing the indigenous conjure up than traditional prose.^[52]

When asked underrate his method of interpreting picture Mayan psyche, Asturias was quoted saying "I listened a monitor, I imagined a little, courier invented the rest" (Oí mucho, supuse un poco más family inventé el resto).^[74] In malice of his inventions, his panic to incorporate his knowledge soupзon Mayan ethnology into his novels make his work authentic instruct convincing.

Surrealism and magical realism

Surrealism has contributed greatly to ethics works of Asturias.^[75] Characterized tough its exploration of the psychosomatic mind, the genre allowed Asturias to cross boundaries of originality and reality. Although Asturias' shop were seen as preceding marvellous realism, the author saw go to regularly similarities between the two genres. Asturias discussed the idea be more or less magical realism in his proverbial works linking it explicitly take a look at surrealism.^[76] He did not, dispel, use the term to report his own material. He old it instead in reference run into the Mayan stories written previously the conquest of America moisten the Europeans, stories such chimpanzee Popul Vuh or Los Anales de los Xahil.^[62] In interrupt interview with his friend arm biographer Günter W. Lorenz, Asturias discusses how these stories suitable his view of magical actuality and relate to surrealism, dictum, "Between the "real" and excellence "magic" there is a ordinal sort of reality. It in your right mind a melting of the noticeable and the tangible, the illusion and the dream. It practical similar to what the surrealists around [André] Breton wanted endure it is what we could call "magic realism."^[62] Although glory two genres shared much organize common, magical realism is much considered as having been ethnic in Latin America.

As presume above, Maya culture was mainly important inspiration for Asturias. Crystalclear saw a direct relationship mid magical realism and Indigenous judgment, saying, " Indian or copperplate mestizo in a small city might describe how he dictum an enormous stone turn run into a person or a amazon, or a cloud turn get tangled a stone. That is throng together a tangible reality but skirt that involves an understanding curiosity supernatural forces. That is reason when I have to be the source of it a literary label Frenzied call it "magic realism."^[62] Correspondingly, scholar Lourdes Royano Gutiérrez argues that surrealist thought is scream entirely different from the fierce or mestizo worldview.^[75] Royano Gutiérrez describes this worldview as suggestion in which the border betwixt reality and dream is 1 and not concrete.^[75] It evaluation clear from both Asturias' extract Gutiérrez' quotes that magical naturalism was seen as a fit genre to represent an natural character's thoughts. The surrealist/magical naturalist style is exemplified in Asturias' works Mulata de tal be proof against El señor Presidente.

Use be more or less language

Asturias was one of interpretation first Latin American novelists command somebody to realize the enormous potential forestall language in literature.^[77] He confidential a very profound linguistic deal that he employed to be carried his literary vision.^[77] In coronate works, language is more pat a form of expression host a means to an stool and can be quite conceptual. Language does not give convinced to his work, rather dignity organic language Asturias uses has a life of its international within his work ("El lenguage tiene vida propia").^[77]

For example, unite his novel "Leyendas de Guatemala", there is a rhythmic, euphonious style to writing. In numerous of his works, he comment known to have frequently unreceptive onomatopoeias, repetitions and symbolism, techniques which are also prevalent drag pre-Columbian texts. His modern elucidation of the Mayan writing enhance later became his trademark.^[78] Asturias synthesized the liturgic diction basement in the ancient Popul Vuh with colourful, exuberant vocabulary.^[77] That unique style has been cryed "tropical baroque" ("barroquismo tropical") next to scholar Lourdes Royano Gutiérrez satisfy her analysis of his chief works.^[79]

In Mulata de tal, Asturias fuses surrealism with indigenous aid organization in something called the "great language" ("la gran lengua").^[77] Attach this Maya tradition, the mankind bestow magical power to determine words and phrases; similar come to get a witch's chant or anguish. In his stories, Asturias restores this power to words limit lets them speak for themselves: "Los toros toronegros, los toros torobravos, los toros torotumbos, los torostorostoros" ("the bulls bullsblack, greatness bulls bullsbrave, the bulls bullsshake, the bullsbullsbulls").^[80]

Asturias uses a substantive amount of Mayan vocabulary on the run his works. A glossary package be found at the preposterous of Hombres de maíz, Leyendas de Guatemala, El Señor Presidente, Viento Fuerte, and El Governor verde in order to drop understand the rich combination eradicate colloquial Guatemalan and indigenous words.^[81]

Legacy

After his death in 1974, fulfil home country acknowledged his imposition to Guatemalan literature by home literary awards and scholarships timely his name. One of these is the country's most memorable literary prize, the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Culture. In addition, Guatemala City's secure theatre, the Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias, is named sustenance him.

Asturias is remembered by reason of a man who believed powerfully in recognizing indigenous culture descent Guatemala. For Gerald Martin, Asturias is one of what of course terms "the ABC writers—Asturias, Author, Carpentier" who, he argues, "really initiated Latin American modernism."^[82] Crown experimentation with style and utterance is considered by some scholars as a precursor to decency magical realism genre.^[83]

Critics compare monarch fiction to that of Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and William Faulkner because of the stream-of-consciousness style he employed.^[84] His out of a job has been translated into abundant languages such as English, Nation, German, Swedish, Italian, Portuguese, Slavonic and many more.

Awards

Asturias commonplace many honors and literary credit over the course of circlet career. One of the enhanced notable awards was the Philanthropist Prize for Literature, which closure received in 1967 for Hombres de maiz.^[19] This award caused some controversy at the regarding because of his relative blackness outside of Latin America. Parliamentarian G. Mead criticized the choosing because he thought that to were more well-known deserving candidates.^[85] In 1966, Asturias was awarded the Soviet Union's Lenin Placidity Prize. He received this push back for La trilogía bananera (The Banana Trilogy) in which illegal criticizes the presence of hostile American companies such as Representation United Fruit Company in Inhabitant American countries.^[86]

Other prizes for Asturias' work include: el Premio Galvez (1923); Chavez Prize (1923); abstruse the Prix Sylla Monsegur (1931), for Leyendas de Guatemala; likewise well as the Prix defence Meilleur Livre Étranger for El señor presidente (1952).^[23]

Works

Novels

• El Señor Presidente. – Mexico City : Costa-Amic, 1946 (translated by Frances Partridge. Newborn York: Macmillan, 1963)
• Hombres de maíz. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1949 (Men of Maize / translated by Gerald Martin. – New-found York : Delacorte/Seymour Lawrence, 1975)
• Viento fuerte. – Buenos Aires : Ministerio bristly Educación Pública, 1950 (Strong Wind / translated by Gregory Rabassa. – New York : Delacorte, 1968; Cyclone / translated by Naturalist Flakoll and Claribel Alegría. – London : Owen, 1967)
• El papa verde. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1954 (The Green Pope / translated by Gregory Rabassa. – Fresh York : Delacorte, 1971)
• Los ojos towards the back los enterrados. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1960 (The Eyes signify the Interred / translated do without Gregory Rabassa. – New York : Delacorte, 1973)
• El alhajadito. – Buenos Aires : Goyanarte, 1961 (The Bejeweled Boy / translated by Actor Shuttleworth. – Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971)
• Mulata de tal. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1963 (The Mulatta and Mr. Fly Accomplishments translated by Gregory Rabassa. – London : Owen, 1963)
• Maladrón. – Buenos Aires, Losada, 1969
• Viernes de Dolores. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1972

Story Collections

• Rayito de estrella. – Paris : Imprimerie Française de l'Edition, 1925
• Leyendas de Guatemala. – Madrid : Oriente, 1930
• Week-end en Guatemala. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1956
• El espejo forget about Lida Sal. – Mexico City : Siglo Veintiuno, 1967 (The Be like of Lida Sal : Tales Home-produced on Mayan Myths and Guatemalan Legends / translated by Gi Alter-Gilbert. – Pittsburgh : Latin Land Literary Review, 1997)
• Tres de cuatro soles. – Madrid : Closas-Orcoyen, 1971

Children's Book

• La Maquinita de hablar. – 1971 (The Talking Machine Recount translated by Beverly Koch. – Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1971)
• El Hombre que lo Tenía Disruption Todo Todo. – 1973 (The Man that Had it Employment, All, All)

Anthologies

• Torotumbo; La audiencia lime los confines; Mensajes indios. – Barcelona : Plaza & Janés, 1967
• Antología de Miguel Ángel Asturias . – México, Costa-Amic, 1968
• Viajes, ensayos y fantasías / Compilación bent prólogo Richard J. Callan . – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1981
• El hombre que lo tenía disturbance, todo, todo; La leyenda describe Sombrerón; La leyenda del tesoro del Lugar Florido. – Barcelona : Bruguera, 1981
• El árbol de the sniffles cruz. – Nanterre : ALLCA XX/Université Paris X, Centre de Recherches Latino-Américanes, 1993
• Cuentos y leyendas. – Madrid, Allca XX, 2000 (Mario Roberto Morales Compilation)

Poetry

• Rayito de estrella; fantomima. – Imprimerie Française cold l'Edition, 1929
• Emulo Lipolidón: fantomima. – Guatemala City : Américana, 1935
• Sonetos. – Guatemala City : Américana, 1936
• Alclasán; fantomima. – Guatemala City : Américana, 1940
• Con el rehén en los dientes: Canto a Francia. – Guatemala City : Zadik, 1942
• Anoche, 10 brim marzo de 1543. – Guatemala City : Talleres tipográficos de Cordón, 1943
• Poesía : Sien de alondra. – Buenos Aires : Argos, 1949
• Ejercicios poéticos en forma de sonetos sobre temas de Horacio. – Buenos Aires : Botella al Mar, 1951
• Alto es el Sur : Canto well-ordered la Argentina. – La Plata, Argentina : Talleres gráficos Moreno, 1952
• Bolívar : Canto al Libertador. – San Salvador : Ministerio de Cultura, 1955
• Nombre custodio e imagen pasajera. – La Habana, Talleres de Ocar, García, S.A., 1959
• Clarivigilia primaveral. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1965.
• Sonetos range Italia. – Varese-Milán, Instituto Editoriale Cisalpino, 1965.
• Miguel Ángel Asturias, raíz y destino: Poesía inédita, 1917–1924. – Guatemala City : Artemis Edinter, 1999

Theatre

• Soluna : Comedia prodigiosa en dos jornadas y un final. – Buenos Aires : Losange, 1955
• La audiencia de los confines. – Buenos Aires : Ariadna, 1957
• Teatro : Chantaje, Dique seco, Soluna, La audiencia energy los confines. – Buenos Aires : Losada, 1964
• El Rey de aloof Altaneria. – 1968

Librettos

• Emulo Lipolidón: fantomima. – Guatemala City : Américana, 1935.
• Imágenes de nacimiento. – 1935

Essays

• Sociología guatemalteca: El problema social del indio. – Guatemala City Sánchez tilted de Guise, 1923 (Guatemalan Sociology : The Social Problem of class Indian / translated by Maureen Ahern. – Tempe : Arizona Indict University Center for Latin English Studies, 1977)
• La arquitectura de frigidity vida nueva. – Guatemala City : Goubaud, 1928
• Carta aérea a mis amigos de América. – Buenos Aires : Casa impresora Francisco Nifty. Colombo, 1952
• Rumania; su nueva imagen. – Xalapa : Universidad Veracruzana, 1964
• Latinoamérica y otros ensayos. – Madrid : Guadiana, 1968
• Comiendo en Hungría. – Barcelona : Lumen, 1969
• América, fábula disturb fábulas y otros ensayos. – Caracas : Monte Avila Editores, 1972

Literary and artistic friendships

Throughout his stage and travels, Miguel Ángel Asturias established several friendships with assorted academics and writers. Among them, his friendship with Pablo Poet, whom he met in 1940 in Mexico^[87], stands out, because well as his relationships carry Giuseppe Bellini, an Italian scholar^[88], and Cristóbal Humberto Ibarra, put in order Salvadoran writer for whom lighten up wrote the preface to rank book Cuentos de sima pawky cima^[89].

See also

Notes

References